The scientific investigation of cultural heritage materials relies on non-invasive optical techniques to reveal compositional and structural information, while preserving the integrity of the artwork. Among them, photoluminescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime measurements can provide insight into the presence of inorganic pigments and other luminescent compounds, whose emissions span different spectral and temporal domains. The discrimination between nanosecond and microsecond emissions is particularly relevant for complex and heterogeneous materials, where different species may coexist and exhibit overlapping features. The combination of wide-field fluorescence imaging and time-gated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) therefore offers a powerful approach for the study of artistic materials. The integration of pulsed laser excitation into commercial epifluorescence microscopes, however, is not commonly available commercially. To address this limitation, a dual-illumination system was developed for a Leica DM RE microscope, enabling automated switching between conventional lamp illumination and fiber-delivered laser excitation. Optical simulations, mechanical modelling and electronic control were combined to design a compact structure compatible with the geometrical constraints of the pre-existing instrument, and a touchscreen-based interface and motorized mirror provided user-friendly operation and reproducible positioning. Experimental validation demonstrated optical alignment, suitable spot dimensions, stable operation and the possibility of image coregistration with the FLIM setup. The system was then applied to the analysis of a cross-section from a painting by Mikhail Larionov and to Chilean ultramarine blue pigment particles. Different excitation fluences highlighted distinct luminescence pathways, while lifetime measurements revealed heterogeneous populations of emitters and supported the interpretation of fluorescence images. These results demonstrate the potential of the designed automated dual-illumination microscopy setup for the investigation of inorganic pigments and complex cultural heritage materials.
L'indagine scientifica dei materiali del patrimonio culturale si avvale di tecniche ottiche non invasive per rivelare informazioni di composizione e struttura, preservando comunque l'integrità dell'opera. Tra queste, l'imaging in fotoluminescenza e le misure di tempo di vita di fluorescenza permettono di fare luce sulla presenza di pigmenti inorganici e di altri composti luminescenti, le cui emissioni si distribuiscono su differenti domini spettrali e temporali. La discriminazione tra emissioni nell'intervallo nei nanosecondi e nei microsecondi è piuttosto rilevante in materiali complessi ed eterogenei, dove diverse specie possono coesistere e presentare caratteristiche sovrapposte. La combinazione di immagini di fluorescenza e della Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) time-gated è quindi un approccio piuttosto efficace per lo studio dei materiali artistici. L'integrazione di sorgenti laser impulsate in microscopi commerciali a epifluorescenza, tuttavia, non è comunemente disponibile. Per superare questa limitazione, un sistema a doppia illuminazione è stato sviluppato per un microscopio Leica DM RE, che consenta il cambio automatizzato tra l'illuminazione convenzionale a lampada e l'eccitazione laser tramite fibra ottica. Simulazioni ottiche, modellazione meccanica e controllo elettronico sono stati combinati per progettare una struttura compatta compatibile con i vincoli geometrici dello strumento preesistente, mentre un'interfaccia touchscreen e uno specchio motorizzato garantiscono un utilizzo intuitivo e un posizionamento riproducibile. La validazione sperimentale ha confermato allineamento ottico, dimensioni adeguate dello spot, stabilità operativa e la possibilità di coregistrazione delle immagini FLIM. Il sistema è stato poi applicato all'analisi di una sezione stratigrafica di un dipinto di Mikhail Larionov e di particelle di blu oltremare Cileno. Diverse fluenze di eccitazione evidenziano distinti meccanismi di luminescenza, mentre le misure di tempo di vita rivelano la composizione eterogenea dei campioni e supportano l'interpretazione delle immagini di fluorescenza. Questi risultati dimostrano il potenziale del setup sviluppato nello studio di pigmenti inorganici e di materiali complessi del patrimonio culturale.
Design and deployment of a dual-illumination automated system for epifluorescence imaging in cultural heritage
Sperandio, Gaia
2025/2026
Abstract
The scientific investigation of cultural heritage materials relies on non-invasive optical techniques to reveal compositional and structural information, while preserving the integrity of the artwork. Among them, photoluminescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime measurements can provide insight into the presence of inorganic pigments and other luminescent compounds, whose emissions span different spectral and temporal domains. The discrimination between nanosecond and microsecond emissions is particularly relevant for complex and heterogeneous materials, where different species may coexist and exhibit overlapping features. The combination of wide-field fluorescence imaging and time-gated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) therefore offers a powerful approach for the study of artistic materials. The integration of pulsed laser excitation into commercial epifluorescence microscopes, however, is not commonly available commercially. To address this limitation, a dual-illumination system was developed for a Leica DM RE microscope, enabling automated switching between conventional lamp illumination and fiber-delivered laser excitation. Optical simulations, mechanical modelling and electronic control were combined to design a compact structure compatible with the geometrical constraints of the pre-existing instrument, and a touchscreen-based interface and motorized mirror provided user-friendly operation and reproducible positioning. Experimental validation demonstrated optical alignment, suitable spot dimensions, stable operation and the possibility of image coregistration with the FLIM setup. The system was then applied to the analysis of a cross-section from a painting by Mikhail Larionov and to Chilean ultramarine blue pigment particles. Different excitation fluences highlighted distinct luminescence pathways, while lifetime measurements revealed heterogeneous populations of emitters and supported the interpretation of fluorescence images. These results demonstrate the potential of the designed automated dual-illumination microscopy setup for the investigation of inorganic pigments and complex cultural heritage materials.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Sperandio_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: MSc thesis
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2026_07_Sperandio_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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Descrizione: MSc executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260640