This thesis concerned the development of models to describe the behaviour of nuclear fuel rods during reactivity-initiated accidents, i.e., accident scenarios driven by a sudden insertion of reactivity. These developments were implemented and tested in OFFBEAT, an open-source, finite-volume research code used to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviour of nuclear fuel rods, here applied for the first time to reactivity-initiated accident conditions. Since these accidents are characterised by fast transients with rapid variations of power and temperature, their simulation requires a coolant-channel model able to evaluate the clad-to-coolant heat transfer coefficient according to the boiling regime occurring at the cladding surface; such a model was therefore added to OFFBEAT. Moreover, the rapid thermal expansion of the fuel pellets forces early mechanical contact with the still-cold cladding. To capture the axial force transferred to the cladding by this interaction, the mechanical model of OFFBEAT was extended to include the friction force at the pellet-cladding interface in 1.5D simulations. The work was carried out within the OperaHPC project, whose objectives include validating OFFBEAT against experiments performed in the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor. In this thesis, OFFBEAT is validated against two of these experiments, the FK-1 and FK-2 rodlets, and the simulation results are compared with experimental data and with the results of SCANAIR, the reference code of the French nuclear safety authority. The results show that the implemented developments allow OFFBEAT to reproduce the key thermal features observed during these experiments and to provide a physically consistent description of the coupled thermo-mechanical response of fuel rods under fast transient conditions.
Questa tesi ha riguardato lo sviluppo di modelli per descrivere il comportamento delle barre di combustibile nucleare durante incidenti di reattività, ossia scenari incidentali causati da un’improvvisa inserzione di reattività. Tali sviluppi sono stati implementati e testati in OFFBEAT, un codice di ricerca open-source basato sul metodo dei volumi finiti e utilizzato per simulare il comportamento termo-meccanico delle barre di combustibile nucleare, qui applicato per la prima volta a condizioni di incidente di reattività. Poiché questi incidenti sono caratterizzati da transitori rapidi, con brusche variazioni di potenza e temperatura, la loro simulazione richiede un modello di canale refrigerante in grado di valutare il coefficiente di scambio termico tra guaina e refrigerante in funzione del regime di ebollizione presente sulla superficie esterna della guaina. Per questo motivo, tale modello è stato aggiunto a OFFBEAT. Inoltre, la rapida espansione termica delle pastiglie di combustibile determina un contatto meccanico precoce con la guaina, ancora relativamente fredda. Per descrivere la forza assiale trasferita alla guaina da questa interazione, il modello meccanico di OFFBEAT è stato esteso includendo la forza di attrito all’interfaccia pastiglia-guaina nelle simulazioni 1.5D. Il lavoro è stato svolto nell’ambito del progetto OperaHPC, tra i cui obiettivi rientra la validazione di OFFBEAT rispetto a esperimenti condotti nel Nuclear Safety Research Reactor. In questa tesi, OFFBEAT è stato validato rispetto a due di questi esperimenti, relativi alle barrette FK-1 e FK-2, e i risultati delle simulazioni sono stati confrontati con i dati sperimentali e con i risultati di SCANAIR, il codice di riferimento dell’autorità francese per la sicurezza nucleare. I risultati mostrano che gli sviluppi implementati permettono a OFFBEAT di riprodurre le principali caratteristiche termiche osservate durante questi esperimenti e di fornire una descrizione fisicamente coerente della risposta termo-meccanica accoppiata delle barre di combustibile in condizioni di transitorio rapido.
Implementation and assessment of a coolant-channel model for the analysis of fuel rods under reactivity-initiated accident conditions
Ferraro, Davide
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis concerned the development of models to describe the behaviour of nuclear fuel rods during reactivity-initiated accidents, i.e., accident scenarios driven by a sudden insertion of reactivity. These developments were implemented and tested in OFFBEAT, an open-source, finite-volume research code used to simulate the thermo-mechanical behaviour of nuclear fuel rods, here applied for the first time to reactivity-initiated accident conditions. Since these accidents are characterised by fast transients with rapid variations of power and temperature, their simulation requires a coolant-channel model able to evaluate the clad-to-coolant heat transfer coefficient according to the boiling regime occurring at the cladding surface; such a model was therefore added to OFFBEAT. Moreover, the rapid thermal expansion of the fuel pellets forces early mechanical contact with the still-cold cladding. To capture the axial force transferred to the cladding by this interaction, the mechanical model of OFFBEAT was extended to include the friction force at the pellet-cladding interface in 1.5D simulations. The work was carried out within the OperaHPC project, whose objectives include validating OFFBEAT against experiments performed in the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor. In this thesis, OFFBEAT is validated against two of these experiments, the FK-1 and FK-2 rodlets, and the simulation results are compared with experimental data and with the results of SCANAIR, the reference code of the French nuclear safety authority. The results show that the implemented developments allow OFFBEAT to reproduce the key thermal features observed during these experiments and to provide a physically consistent description of the coupled thermo-mechanical response of fuel rods under fast transient conditions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Ferraro_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi Ferraro Davide
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2026_07_Ferraro_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary Ferraro Davide
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260647