The quality of inpatient environments also depends on the ability of the building envelope to provide an adequate amount of daylight and a sufficiently effective view towards the outdoors. The literature associates these conditions with several outcomes concerning patients and healthcare staff, including stress, sleep, perceived well-being, length of stay, satisfaction, and the overall quality of the hospital experience. However, the available evidence remains fragmented, as it derives from approaches, metrics, and assessment methods that are often difficult to compare. This thesis develops a structured and reproducible procedure for the integrated assessment of luminous and visual well-being in inpatient spaces, relating simulated environmental performance to patients’ reported perceptions. The research begins with a systematic literature review conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Before the formal review process, a pre-PRISMA 2020 framework was defined as a methodological contribution aimed at making the development of the search strategy explicit and traceable, from the construction of the keyword matrix to the selection of the query used during the identification phase. The analysis of the included studies identified 75 relationships between daylight, view out, and outcomes concerning patients and healthcare staff, distinguishing 20 measured and significant findings, 13 non-significant findings or trends, and 42 relationships derived from the literature. The resulting framework confirms the potential contribution of daylight and view out to the quality of healthcare environments, while also highlighting the need for tools capable of translating heterogeneous descriptors into comparable indicators. Based on these findings, two complementary tools were developed. The first is a parametric tool implemented in Grasshopper, designed to acquire building geometries, identify rooms suitable for use as inpatient rooms, generate calculation grids, and reorganise outputs at both sensor and room level. The tool integrates three areas of analysis: Useful Daylight Illuminance, discomfort glare, and View Out. The latter is assessed through horizontal sight angle, outside distance, and the number of visible layers, with the overall level corresponding to the lowest performance among the three criteria. The outputs are integrated to identify the portions of each room where favourable daylight conditions, glare control, and a minimum quality of view occur simultaneously. The second tool is a questionnaire addressed to patients, developed to assess the perceived quality of daylight and view out, the use of shading devices, and selected self-reported outcomes related to stress, sleep, and the overall quality of the hospital stay. The methodology was applied to Casa di Cura Igea in Milan, for which a digital model was reconstructed to support daylight and environmental simulations. The parametric tool was verified by comparison with benchmark simulations performed directly in ClimateStudio, using three progressively more complete model configurations. The comparison of UDI results showed general consistency between the two simulation environments, together with larger deviations in configurations characterised by a more complex representation of the surrounding context and vegetation. Graphical comparisons of glare and View Out also confirmed the ability of the tool to reproduce the spatial distribution of the main performance classes, within the limits of a validation conducted on the selected case study. The technical-perceptual integration protocol was finally applied, on a preliminary basis, to the rooms associated with the first two available questionnaires. The results show some convergences between simulated assessments and reported perception, as well as relevant differences, particularly regarding the actual accessibility of the outdoor view from the patient’s bed. These divergences are not interpreted as errors, but as indications of the role played by the patient’s position and orientation, furniture layout, shading devices, weather conditions, and individual characteristics. The currently available sample does not allow statistical analysis or generalisation, but it does make it possible to verify the applicability of the protocol and the correct association between technical and perceptual data. The thesis therefore proposes a transition from bibliographic and scientific knowledge to an operational assessment of inpatient spaces. Its main contribution does not lie in the definition of a single indicator, but in the construction of an integrated, scalable, and transferable workflow capable of preserving local performance variability, synthesising it at room level, and comparing it with the patient’s actual experience.
La qualità degli ambienti di degenza dipende dalla capacità dell’involucro edilizio di garantire un adeguato apporto di luce naturale e una vista verso l’esterno sufficientemente efficace. La letteratura associa tali condizioni a diversi esiti riguardanti pazienti e personale sanitario, tra cui stress, sonno, benessere percepito, durata della degenza, soddisfazione e qualità dell’esperienza ospedaliera. Le evidenze disponibili risultano tuttavia frammentate, poiché derivano da approcci, metriche e modalità di rilevazione spesso difficilmente confrontabili. Il presente elaborato sviluppa una procedura strutturata e riproducibile per la lettura integrata del benessere luminoso e visivo negli spazi di degenza, mettendo in relazione prestazioni ambientali simulate e percezione dichiarata dai pazienti. La ricerca inizia da una revisione sistematica della letteratura condotta secondo le linee guida PRISMA 2020. A monte del processo è stato definito un framework pre-PRISMA 2020, contributo metodologico finalizzato a rendere esplicita e tracciabile la costruzione della strategia di ricerca, dalla definizione della matrice delle parole chiave alla selezione della query utilizzata nella fase di identificazione. L’analisi degli studi inclusi ha individuato 75 connessioni tra luce naturale, vista esterna ed esiti riferiti a pazienti e personale sanitario, distinguendo 20 evidenze misurate e significative, 13 non significative (o trend) e 42 richiami derivati dalla letteratura. Il quadro emerso conferma il potenziale contributo di daylight e view out alla qualità degli ambienti sanitari, ma anche la necessità di strumenti capaci di tradurre descrittori eterogenei in indicatori confrontabili. Sulla base di tali risultati sono stati sviluppati due strumenti complementari. Il primo è un tool parametrico in Grasshopper, concepito per acquisire le geometrie dell’edificio, identificare i locali candidati a stanze di degenza, generare le griglie di calcolo e riorganizzare gli output a livello di singolo sensore e di stanza. Il tool integra tre ambiti di analisi: Useful Daylight Illuminance, discomfort glare e View Out. Quest’ultimo viene valutato attraverso angolo di visualizzazione orizzontale, distanza esterna e numero di strati visibili, assumendo come livello complessivo la prestazione peggiore tra i tre criteri. Gli output vengono successivamente messi a sistema per individuare le porzioni degli ambienti nelle quali condizioni favorevoli di luce naturale, contenimento dell’abbagliamento e qualità minima della vista risultano contemporaneamente presenti. Il secondo strumento è un questionario rivolto ai pazienti, costruito per rilevare la qualità percepita della luce e della vista, l’utilizzo delle schermature e alcuni esiti dichiarati relativi a stress, sonno e qualità complessiva della degenza. La metodologia è stata applicata alla Casa di Cura Igea di Milano, per la quale è stato ricostruito un modello digitale destinato alle simulazioni illuminotecniche e ambientali. Il tool parametrico è stato verificato mediante il confronto con simulazioni di benchmark eseguite direttamente in ClimateStudio, adottando tre configurazioni progressivamente più complete del modello. Il confronto sui risultati UDI ha mostrato una coerenza generale tra i due ambienti simulativi, accompagnata da scostamenti più rilevanti nelle configurazioni caratterizzate da una maggiore complessità del contesto e delle alberature. Le comparazioni grafiche relative a glare e View Out hanno inoltre confermato la capacità del tool di riprodurre la distribuzione spaziale delle principali classi prestazionali, pur entro i limiti della validazione condotta sul caso studio. Il protocollo di integrazione tecnica e percettiva è stato infine applicato, in via preliminare, alle stanze associate ai primi due questionari disponibili. I risultati mostrano alcune convergenze tra valutazioni simulate e percezione dichiarata, ma anche differenze significative, in particolare rispetto all’accessibilità effettiva della vista dal letto. Tali divergenze non vengono interpretate come errori, ma come indicazioni del ruolo assunto da posizione del paziente, orientamento, arredi, schermature, condizioni meteorologiche e caratteristiche individuali. La numerosità attualmente disponibile non consente analisi statistiche o generalizzazioni, ma permette di verificare l’applicabilità del protocollo e la corretta associazione tra dati tecnici e percettivi. Il lavoro propone quindi un passaggio dalla conoscenza bibliografica e scientifica alla lettura operativa dello spazio di degenza. Il contributo principale non consiste nella definizione di un singolo indicatore, ma nella costruzione di un workflow integrato, scalabile e trasferibile, capace di conservare la variabilità locale delle prestazioni, sintetizzarla a scala di stanza e confrontarla con l’esperienza reale del paziente.
Comfort luminoso e visivo negli ambienti di cura: sviluppo di un tool parametrico di valutazione multi-criteria per il benessere del paziente
Dattolo, Daniele
2025/2026
Abstract
The quality of inpatient environments also depends on the ability of the building envelope to provide an adequate amount of daylight and a sufficiently effective view towards the outdoors. The literature associates these conditions with several outcomes concerning patients and healthcare staff, including stress, sleep, perceived well-being, length of stay, satisfaction, and the overall quality of the hospital experience. However, the available evidence remains fragmented, as it derives from approaches, metrics, and assessment methods that are often difficult to compare. This thesis develops a structured and reproducible procedure for the integrated assessment of luminous and visual well-being in inpatient spaces, relating simulated environmental performance to patients’ reported perceptions. The research begins with a systematic literature review conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Before the formal review process, a pre-PRISMA 2020 framework was defined as a methodological contribution aimed at making the development of the search strategy explicit and traceable, from the construction of the keyword matrix to the selection of the query used during the identification phase. The analysis of the included studies identified 75 relationships between daylight, view out, and outcomes concerning patients and healthcare staff, distinguishing 20 measured and significant findings, 13 non-significant findings or trends, and 42 relationships derived from the literature. The resulting framework confirms the potential contribution of daylight and view out to the quality of healthcare environments, while also highlighting the need for tools capable of translating heterogeneous descriptors into comparable indicators. Based on these findings, two complementary tools were developed. The first is a parametric tool implemented in Grasshopper, designed to acquire building geometries, identify rooms suitable for use as inpatient rooms, generate calculation grids, and reorganise outputs at both sensor and room level. The tool integrates three areas of analysis: Useful Daylight Illuminance, discomfort glare, and View Out. The latter is assessed through horizontal sight angle, outside distance, and the number of visible layers, with the overall level corresponding to the lowest performance among the three criteria. The outputs are integrated to identify the portions of each room where favourable daylight conditions, glare control, and a minimum quality of view occur simultaneously. The second tool is a questionnaire addressed to patients, developed to assess the perceived quality of daylight and view out, the use of shading devices, and selected self-reported outcomes related to stress, sleep, and the overall quality of the hospital stay. The methodology was applied to Casa di Cura Igea in Milan, for which a digital model was reconstructed to support daylight and environmental simulations. The parametric tool was verified by comparison with benchmark simulations performed directly in ClimateStudio, using three progressively more complete model configurations. The comparison of UDI results showed general consistency between the two simulation environments, together with larger deviations in configurations characterised by a more complex representation of the surrounding context and vegetation. Graphical comparisons of glare and View Out also confirmed the ability of the tool to reproduce the spatial distribution of the main performance classes, within the limits of a validation conducted on the selected case study. The technical-perceptual integration protocol was finally applied, on a preliminary basis, to the rooms associated with the first two available questionnaires. The results show some convergences between simulated assessments and reported perception, as well as relevant differences, particularly regarding the actual accessibility of the outdoor view from the patient’s bed. These divergences are not interpreted as errors, but as indications of the role played by the patient’s position and orientation, furniture layout, shading devices, weather conditions, and individual characteristics. The currently available sample does not allow statistical analysis or generalisation, but it does make it possible to verify the applicability of the protocol and the correct association between technical and perceptual data. The thesis therefore proposes a transition from bibliographic and scientific knowledge to an operational assessment of inpatient spaces. Its main contribution does not lie in the definition of a single indicator, but in the construction of an integrated, scalable, and transferable workflow capable of preserving local performance variability, synthesising it at room level, and comparing it with the patient’s actual experience.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260704