This work aims at analyzing the long-term performance of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) subjected to the wave climate evolution and mean sea level rise. Hindcast data and projections of wave climate in the Mediterranean for the periods 1976-2017 and 2041-2100 are provided by the Copernicus Climate Change Service. The presence of increasing trends in wave energy resource availability and, consequently, in the energy that can be extracted by an OWC device has already been shown in previous studies, especially under the most severe emission scenario. The focus is here on the effect of mean sea level rise on the performance of these devices, analyzing the operational and modelling implications and assessing how this may change the long-term energy production estimates on a century timescale. After considering the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the analysis is also extended to the intermediate RCP 4.5 scenario. In this study nine potential OWC installation sites in the Mediterranean basin are considered, where an optimized design was available. The WEC performance is estimated using an accurate semi-empirical model taken from the literature. The results show that the increase in local water depth at the installation site affects the device efficiency changing the capture width ratio and reducing the frequency of sea states associated with non-optimal operating conditions. In all the sites considered, the combined effect of wave climate changes and sea level rise leads to a significant increase in the annual energy production by the end of the 21st century. Wave climate evolution remains the main driver of the long-term variation in energy production. The contribution of sea level rise is found to be secondary, albeit not negligible, at most sites, yielding a variation in the energy production of few percentage points. The impact of sea level rise is strongly site-dependent and is generally less important at locations characterized by higher wave periods. The largest effect is in the Alboran Sea, where sea level rise reduces up to 15% the energy gain when only wave climate changes are considered. These results indicate that, for some locations, neglecting sea level rise may lead to a significant overestimation of future energy production. Therefore, sea level rise should be included in long-term assessments of OWC performance in order to obtain more accurate projections.
Il presente lavoro ha lo scopo di analizzare le prestazioni a lungo termine dei convertitori di energia del moto ondoso a colonna d’acqua oscillante (Oscillating Water Column, OWC), in relazione all’evoluzione del clima ondoso e all’innalzamento del livello medio del mare. I dati di hindcast e le proiezioni del clima ondoso nel Mar Mediterraneo per i periodi 1976-2017 e 2041-2100 sono forniti dal Copernicus Climate Change Service. La presenza di trend crescenti nella disponibilità della risorsa ondosa e, di conseguenza, nell’energia estraibile da un dispositivo OWC è già stata evidenziata in studi precedenti, in particolare considerando lo scenario emissivo più severo. L’attenzione viene qui posta sull’effetto dell’innalzamento del livello medio del mare sulle prestazioni di questi dispositivi, analizzandone le conseguenze operative e modellistiche e valutando come esso possa modificare le stime di produzione energetica alla fine del secolo. Oltre allo scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, l’analisi viene estesa anche allo scenario intermedio RCP 4.5. In questo studio sono considerati nove possibili siti di installazione di OWC nel bacino del Mediterraneo, per i quali era disponibile un design ottimizzato. Le prestazioni sono stimate utilizzando un modello semi-empirico accurato presente in letteratura. I risultati mostrano che l’aumento della profondità locale nel sito di installazione influenza il rendimento del dispositivo sia modificando il capture width ratio sia riducendo la frequenza degli stati di mare associati a condizioni operative non ottimali. In tutti i siti considerati, l’effetto combinato delle variazioni del clima ondoso e dell’innalzamento del livello medio del mare porta a un significativo aumento della produzione energetica annua entro la fine del XXI secolo. Le variazioni del clima ondoso rimangono il principale fattore responsabile della variabilità a lungo termine della produzione energetica. Il contributo dell’aumento del livello del mare risulta secondario, ma non trascurabile, nella maggior parte dei siti, modificando la produzione energetica stimata di pochi punti percentuali. Tuttavia, tale impatto fortemente dipendente dal sito considerato ed è generalmente meno rilevante nelle località caratterizzate da periodi d’onda più elevati. L’effetto più marcato si osserva nel Mar di Alboran, dove l’innalzamento del livello medio del mare riduce fino al 15% il guadagno energetico considerando le sole variazioni del clima ondoso. Questi risultati indicano che, per alcune località, trascurare l’innalzamento del livello medio del mare può portare a una significativa sovrastima della produzione energetica futura. Pertanto, l’innalzamento del livello medio del mare dovrebbe essere incluso nelle valutazioni a lungo termine delle prestazioni degli OWC, al fine di ottenere proiezioni più accurate.
Sea level rise and long-term OWC wave energy conversion
Riva, Sara
2025/2026
Abstract
This work aims at analyzing the long-term performance of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converters (WEC) subjected to the wave climate evolution and mean sea level rise. Hindcast data and projections of wave climate in the Mediterranean for the periods 1976-2017 and 2041-2100 are provided by the Copernicus Climate Change Service. The presence of increasing trends in wave energy resource availability and, consequently, in the energy that can be extracted by an OWC device has already been shown in previous studies, especially under the most severe emission scenario. The focus is here on the effect of mean sea level rise on the performance of these devices, analyzing the operational and modelling implications and assessing how this may change the long-term energy production estimates on a century timescale. After considering the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the analysis is also extended to the intermediate RCP 4.5 scenario. In this study nine potential OWC installation sites in the Mediterranean basin are considered, where an optimized design was available. The WEC performance is estimated using an accurate semi-empirical model taken from the literature. The results show that the increase in local water depth at the installation site affects the device efficiency changing the capture width ratio and reducing the frequency of sea states associated with non-optimal operating conditions. In all the sites considered, the combined effect of wave climate changes and sea level rise leads to a significant increase in the annual energy production by the end of the 21st century. Wave climate evolution remains the main driver of the long-term variation in energy production. The contribution of sea level rise is found to be secondary, albeit not negligible, at most sites, yielding a variation in the energy production of few percentage points. The impact of sea level rise is strongly site-dependent and is generally less important at locations characterized by higher wave periods. The largest effect is in the Alboran Sea, where sea level rise reduces up to 15% the energy gain when only wave climate changes are considered. These results indicate that, for some locations, neglecting sea level rise may lead to a significant overestimation of future energy production. Therefore, sea level rise should be included in long-term assessments of OWC performance in order to obtain more accurate projections.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260714