The growing prevalence of electrochemical energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries has made it necessary to develop increasingly advanced devices for monitoring, protection and energy management. In particular, applications characterised by high operating currents require solutions capable of ensuring measurement accuracy, rapid response in the event of a fault, and adequate thermal management of the power section. This thesis describes the development of a Smart Battery Gauge for 48 V lithium-ion battery packs intended for high-current applications. The system incorporates an electronic power switch based on MOSFETs in a back-to-back configuration, a current measurement system using an ultra-low-resistance shunt resistor, fuel gauging functionality based on the Coulomb Counting method, hardware and software protection against overcurrent, short-circuit and overtemperature, as well as dedicated communication interfaces for integration with Battery Management Systems. The work involved the hardware design of the electronic board, the definition of a six-layer PCB layout optimised for high-current applications, the development of control firmware based on a modular finite-state machine architecture, and the experimental validation of the prototype built. The results obtained confirmed the correct operation of the implemented monitoring, short-circuit protection and fuel gauging functions. The test campaigns also made it possible to characterise the board’s thermal behaviour and to assess the system’s operational limits under real-world operating conditions.
La crescente diffusione dei sistemi di accumulo elettrochimico basati su batterie agli ioni di litio ha reso necessario lo sviluppo di dispositivi sempre più avanzati per il monitoraggio, la protezione e la gestione dell’energia. In particolare, le applicazioni caratterizzate da elevate correnti operative richiedono soluzioni in grado di garantire accuratezza nelle misure, rapidità di intervento in condizioni di guasto e adeguata gestione termica della sezione di potenza. Il presente lavoro di tesi descrive lo sviluppo di uno Smart Battery Gauge per pacchi batteria agli ioni di litio a 48 V destinati ad applicazioni ad elevata corrente. Il sistema integra uno switch elettronico di potenza basato su MOSFET in configurazione back-to-back, un sistema di misura della corrente mediante shunt resistor a bassissimo valore ohmico, funzionalità di fuel gauging basate sul metodo del Coulomb Counting, protezioni hardware e software contro sovracorrente, cortocircuito e sovratemperatura, nonché interfacce di comunicazione dedicate per l'integrazione con sistemi Battery Management System. L’attività ha incluso la progettazione hardware della scheda elettronica, la definizione del layout PCB a sei layer ottimizzato per applicazioni ad alta corrente, lo sviluppo del firmware di controllo basato su architettura modulare a macchine a stati finiti e la validazione sperimentale del prototipo realizzato. I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato il corretto funzionamento delle funzionalità di monitoraggio, protezione da cortocircuito e fuel gauging implementate. Le campagne di test hanno inoltre permesso di caratterizzare il comportamento termico della scheda e di valutare i limiti operativi del sistema in condizioni reali di funzionamento.
Design and development of a Solid State Smart Gauge with monitoring and safety functions for low voltage batteries
Consolo, Riccardo
2025/2026
Abstract
The growing prevalence of electrochemical energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries has made it necessary to develop increasingly advanced devices for monitoring, protection and energy management. In particular, applications characterised by high operating currents require solutions capable of ensuring measurement accuracy, rapid response in the event of a fault, and adequate thermal management of the power section. This thesis describes the development of a Smart Battery Gauge for 48 V lithium-ion battery packs intended for high-current applications. The system incorporates an electronic power switch based on MOSFETs in a back-to-back configuration, a current measurement system using an ultra-low-resistance shunt resistor, fuel gauging functionality based on the Coulomb Counting method, hardware and software protection against overcurrent, short-circuit and overtemperature, as well as dedicated communication interfaces for integration with Battery Management Systems. The work involved the hardware design of the electronic board, the definition of a six-layer PCB layout optimised for high-current applications, the development of control firmware based on a modular finite-state machine architecture, and the experimental validation of the prototype built. The results obtained confirmed the correct operation of the implemented monitoring, short-circuit protection and fuel gauging functions. The test campaigns also made it possible to characterise the board’s thermal behaviour and to assess the system’s operational limits under real-world operating conditions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Consolo.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260722