The need for future sustainable energy sources makes nuclear fusion a promising candidate. In particular, project ITER aims at demonstrating the feasibility of fusion energy through magnetic confinement in a tokamak device. This thesis focuses on the divertor target plates, the components of the tokamak that have the role of extracting heat and helium ash produced during the fusion reaction. As a result, they are exposed to extremely severe thermal and irradiation loads, making the selection of suitable materials a critical aspect of its design. The state-of-the-art configuration for the divertor target monoblock comprises a W armor, a CuCrZr heat sink tube, and a Cu interlayer. However, this design presents some criticalities in terms of stress concentrations at the junction and operational temperature windows of the materials. An alternative configuration for the interlayer is proposed and investigated in this thesis work: a thermal break interlayer made of functionally graded high entropy alloys (HEAs). To this aim, the proposed composition is a low-activation refractory HEA containing Cr-Fe-Ta-V-W. The equimolar composition of this alloy is produced with a planetary ball mill for mechanical alloying. The equipment operational parameters are successfully optimized to obtain a single solid solution of HEA, with a BCC crystal structure. Subsequently, the irradiation resistance of this HEA is investigated by simulating the irradiation environment of a deuterium-tritium plasma. The samples of (CrFeTaV)95W5, (CrFeTaV)90W10, CrFeTaVW, (CrFeTaV)70W30 and (CrFeTaV)65W35, consolidated via spark plasma sintering, are irradiated with Ar+ ions to simulate neutron irradiation damage, and consequently with He+ and D+ ions to simulate gas transmutation products. The alloys present a good irradiation resistance, showing no phase transformation and no significant swelling after Ar+ implantation, with the exception of the CrFeTaVW sample. The samples after Ar+, He+ and D+ present some variations in surface topography, with the compositions of (CrFeTaV)70W30 and (CrFeTaV)65W35 showing very little blistering compared to the other compositions.
La crescente necessità di sviluppare fonti energetiche sostenibili rende la fusione nu cleare una tecnologia promettente. Il progetto ITER ha l’obiettivo di dimostrare la possi bilità di ottenere la fusione nucleare a confinamento magnetico con un dispositivo di tipo tokamak. Questa tesi si concentra sui target del divertore, un componente del tokamak che estrae il calore e l’elio prodotti durante la reazione di fusione. Questi componenti sono quindi soggette a forti carichi termici e di irraggiamento, rendendo la selezione di materiali un aspetto fondamentale del progetto. Il monoblocco dei target presenta un’armatura in W, un dissipatore di calore in CuCrZr e un interstrato in Cu. Tuttavia, questo design presenta dei problemi relativi alla concentrazione di stress alla giuntura e al mantenimento delle temperature operative ottimali. L’alternativa proposta in questa tesi consiste in una barriera termica realizzata mediante un materiale a gradiente funzionale basato su leghe ad alta entropia (High Entropy Alloys, HEA). A tal fine, viene investigato un HEA di el ementi refrattari a bassa attivazione: Cr-Fe-Ta-V-W. La lega equimolare è stata prodotta mediante fresatura meccanica in un mulino planetario, ottimizzandone i parametri di processo per ottenere una singola soluzione solida con struttura cristallina BCC. Succes sivamente, la resistenza all’irraggiamento di questo HEA è investigata tramite la simu lazione di un ambiente di irraggiamento tipico di un plasma a deuterio-trizio. I campi oni (CrFeTaV)95W5, (CrFeTaV)90W10, CrFeTaVW, (CrFeTaV)70W30 e (CrFeTaV)65W35, consolidati tramite sinterizzazione al plasma a scintilla, vengono irradiati con ioni Ar+ per simulare i danni da irraggiamento neutronico e successivamente con ioni He+ e D+ per simulare i prodotti di trasmutazione. Tutte le leghe, ad eccezione di CrFeTaVW, mostrano una buona resistenza all’irraggiamento, non evidenziando trasformazioni di fase né fenomeni significativi di swelling successivi all’irraggiamento con Ar+. L’irraggiamento complessivo con Ar+, He+ e D+ induce modifiche topografiche in tutti i campioni, con un blistering meno marcato nelle composizioni (CrFeTaV)70W30 e (CrFeTaV)65W35.
High entropy alloy of (CrFeTaV)1-xWx for fusion applications: production via mechanical alloying and irradiation studies
Abbate, Federica
2025/2026
Abstract
The need for future sustainable energy sources makes nuclear fusion a promising candidate. In particular, project ITER aims at demonstrating the feasibility of fusion energy through magnetic confinement in a tokamak device. This thesis focuses on the divertor target plates, the components of the tokamak that have the role of extracting heat and helium ash produced during the fusion reaction. As a result, they are exposed to extremely severe thermal and irradiation loads, making the selection of suitable materials a critical aspect of its design. The state-of-the-art configuration for the divertor target monoblock comprises a W armor, a CuCrZr heat sink tube, and a Cu interlayer. However, this design presents some criticalities in terms of stress concentrations at the junction and operational temperature windows of the materials. An alternative configuration for the interlayer is proposed and investigated in this thesis work: a thermal break interlayer made of functionally graded high entropy alloys (HEAs). To this aim, the proposed composition is a low-activation refractory HEA containing Cr-Fe-Ta-V-W. The equimolar composition of this alloy is produced with a planetary ball mill for mechanical alloying. The equipment operational parameters are successfully optimized to obtain a single solid solution of HEA, with a BCC crystal structure. Subsequently, the irradiation resistance of this HEA is investigated by simulating the irradiation environment of a deuterium-tritium plasma. The samples of (CrFeTaV)95W5, (CrFeTaV)90W10, CrFeTaVW, (CrFeTaV)70W30 and (CrFeTaV)65W35, consolidated via spark plasma sintering, are irradiated with Ar+ ions to simulate neutron irradiation damage, and consequently with He+ and D+ ions to simulate gas transmutation products. The alloys present a good irradiation resistance, showing no phase transformation and no significant swelling after Ar+ implantation, with the exception of the CrFeTaVW sample. The samples after Ar+, He+ and D+ present some variations in surface topography, with the compositions of (CrFeTaV)70W30 and (CrFeTaV)65W35 showing very little blistering compared to the other compositions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Abbate_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260735