The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the main carbon market in Europe and a key part of EU climate policy. As the European Union Allowance (EUA) prices increased over time, carbon price risk became more relevant for firms operating in carbon-intensive sectors. This has strengthened the interaction between carbon markets, energy markets, and industrial equity returns, making carbon-price risk an increasingly important factor for both firms and investors. This thesis examines the dynamic hedging relationships of EU ETS-regulated and non-EU ETS-regulated firms with EUA and sector-specific energy commodities within and across the following carbon-intensive sectors: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply (NACE 35), Manufacture of Basic Metals (NACE 24), Manufacture of Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products (NACE 23), and Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (NACE 20). The analysis also examines how these relationships change across different market environments, including the introduction of the Market Stability Reserve (MSR), the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2022 European energy crisis, and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). A bivariate DCC-GARCH(1,1) model with Student-t innovations is estimated for thirty-two sector-asset pairs over the period from 1 January 2013 to 30 April 2026. Dynamic hedge ratios, optimal portfolio weights, and hedging effectiveness measures are obtained using the hedging assets EUA futures, TTF natural gas futures, Brent crude oil futures, Rotterdam coal futures, and gold. The results show that carbon-equity hedging generally has limited effectiveness, but is highly regime-dependent. EU ETS-regulated sector portfolios require larger hedge ratios than the non-EU ETS-regulated portfolios. The Electricity and Chemicals sectors have the highest hedging effectiveness with Brent crude oil, while the Basic Metals and Non-Metallic Minerals sectors have the highest hedging effectiveness with EUA in the full sample. Hedging relationships considerably strengthen during the COVID-19 period and coal and gold provide little hedge effectiveness throughout the sample. The results indicate that carbon-equity hedging relationships depend on sector characteristics, EU ETS regulation, and market conditions. As carbon markets continue to expand, understanding these differences is becoming increasingly relevant for firms and investors who are exposed to carbon-intensive sectors.
L'EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) è il principale mercato del carbonio in Europa e una componente importante della politica climatica dell'UE. Con l'aumento nel tempo dei prezzi delle European Union Allowances (EUA), il rischio legato al prezzo del carbonio è diventato più rilevante per le imprese operanti nei settori ad alta intensità di carbonio. Questo ha rafforzato l'interazione tra i mercati del carbonio, i mercati energetici e i rendimenti azionari industriali, rendendo il rischio legato al prezzo del carbonio un fattore sempre più importante sia per le imprese sia per gli investitori. Questa tesi esamina le relazioni dinamiche di copertura delle imprese regolamentate e non regolamentate dall'EU ETS con le EUA e le commodity energetiche specifiche per ciascun settore all'interno e tra i seguenti settori ad alta intensità di carbonio: Electricity (NACE 35), Basic Metals (NACE 24), Non-Metallic Minerals (NACE 23) e Chemicals (NACE 20). L'analisi esamina inoltre come tali relazioni cambino in diversi contesti di mercato, tra cui l'introduzione della Market Stability Reserve (MSR), la pandemia di COVID-19, la crisi energetica europea del 2022 e il Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Un modello bivariato DCC-GARCH(1,1) con innovazioni Student-t viene stimato per trentadue coppie settore-attività nel periodo compreso tra il 1 gennaio 2013 e il 30 aprile 2026. I rapporti di copertura dinamici, i pesi ottimali di portafoglio e le misure di efficacia della copertura sono ottenuti utilizzando come attività di copertura EUA futures, TTF natural gas futures, Brent crude oil futures, Rotterdam coal futures e oro. I risultati mostrano che la copertura tra carbonio e azioni presenta generalmente un'efficacia limitata, ma dipende fortemente dal regime di mercato. I portafogli settoriali regolamentati dall'EU ETS richiedono rapporti di copertura più elevati rispetto alle loro controparti non regolamentate dall'EU ETS. I settori Electricity e Chemicals presentano la maggiore efficacia di copertura con il Brent crude oil, mentre i settori Basic Metals e Non-Metallic Minerals presentano la maggiore efficacia di copertura con le EUA nell'intero campione. Le relazioni di copertura si rafforzano significativamente durante il periodo del COVID-19, mentre il carbone e l'oro offrono un contributo limitato all'efficacia della copertura nell'intero campione. I risultati evidenziano il ruolo delle caratteristiche settoriali, della regolamentazione dell'EU ETS e delle condizioni di mercato prevalenti nel determinare le relazioni di copertura tra carbonio e azioni. Con la continua espansione dei mercati del carbonio, comprendere queste differenze diventa sempre più rilevante per le imprese e gli investitori esposti a settori ad alta intensità di carbonio.
Hedging carbon price risk in carbon-intensive sectors: evidence from EU ETS-regulated and non-EU ETS-regulated firms
ERDAL, DOGA
2025/2026
Abstract
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the main carbon market in Europe and a key part of EU climate policy. As the European Union Allowance (EUA) prices increased over time, carbon price risk became more relevant for firms operating in carbon-intensive sectors. This has strengthened the interaction between carbon markets, energy markets, and industrial equity returns, making carbon-price risk an increasingly important factor for both firms and investors. This thesis examines the dynamic hedging relationships of EU ETS-regulated and non-EU ETS-regulated firms with EUA and sector-specific energy commodities within and across the following carbon-intensive sectors: Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply (NACE 35), Manufacture of Basic Metals (NACE 24), Manufacture of Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products (NACE 23), and Manufacture of Chemicals and Chemical Products (NACE 20). The analysis also examines how these relationships change across different market environments, including the introduction of the Market Stability Reserve (MSR), the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2022 European energy crisis, and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). A bivariate DCC-GARCH(1,1) model with Student-t innovations is estimated for thirty-two sector-asset pairs over the period from 1 January 2013 to 30 April 2026. Dynamic hedge ratios, optimal portfolio weights, and hedging effectiveness measures are obtained using the hedging assets EUA futures, TTF natural gas futures, Brent crude oil futures, Rotterdam coal futures, and gold. The results show that carbon-equity hedging generally has limited effectiveness, but is highly regime-dependent. EU ETS-regulated sector portfolios require larger hedge ratios than the non-EU ETS-regulated portfolios. The Electricity and Chemicals sectors have the highest hedging effectiveness with Brent crude oil, while the Basic Metals and Non-Metallic Minerals sectors have the highest hedging effectiveness with EUA in the full sample. Hedging relationships considerably strengthen during the COVID-19 period and coal and gold provide little hedge effectiveness throughout the sample. The results indicate that carbon-equity hedging relationships depend on sector characteristics, EU ETS regulation, and market conditions. As carbon markets continue to expand, understanding these differences is becoming increasingly relevant for firms and investors who are exposed to carbon-intensive sectors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Erdal_Thesis.pdf
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2026_07_Erdal_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260785