Following the recovery of U and Pu from used nuclear fuel, Am becomes the primary contributor to the long-term radiotoxicity and heat load of the remaining high level waste. The AmSel (Americium Selective) process has been developed for the selective stripping of Am from PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Reduction Extraction) raffinate. It is based on the combined use of two ligands with opposite selectivity and solubility, which work in a push-pull system, allowing a satisfactory separation of Am from Cm and all the lanthanides (Ln). Ethoxyethanol-bis-triazolyl-phenanthroline (EBTzPhen) was investigated as an alternative made only by C, H, O and N to the reference sulphonated hydrophilic ligand. A CHON-compliant molecule can be incinerated without the formation of secondary solid waste, improving the sustainability of the process. The aim of the study was to assess the extraction performance of the EBTzPhen and its selectivity towards Am, in presence of Cm and all the Ln. The behaviour of the system was investigated with batch experiments as a function of different parameters, relevant for the process: initial ligand and nitric acid concentration, temperature and mixing time. Distribution ratios and separation factors were evaluated for all the ions by gamma and alpha spectrometry and ICP-MS measurements. To better understand the complexation mechanism, a UV-VIS metal titration was carried out with Eu nitrate. Heavy Ln were extracted almost completely into the organic phase, while light Ln tended to remain in the aqueous phase, with La being the most retained. Am separation was obtained with 0.1 M ligand and 0.3 M nitric acid concentrations: Cm and La were extracted in the organic phase, while Am was retained in the aqueous phase, yielding separation factors around 2-2.5 for both Cm/Am and La/Am, ensuring no co-extraction. The molecule exhibited fast kinetics, but the system proved to be affected by temperature. Finally, complexation appeared to be affected both by protonation and by the molecule's structure itself. The results obtained in this work demonstrate the potential of EBTzPhen as a promising CHON-compliant alternative for the AmSel process and provide critical insights to further refine the molecular design.
In seguito al recupero di U e Pu dal combustibile nucleare esaurito, l'Am diventa il principale responsabile di radiotossicità e carico termico a lungo termine dei rimanenti rifiuti ad alta attività. Il processo AmSel (Americium Selective) è stato sviluppato per lo stripping selettivo dell'Am dal raffinato PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Reduction Extraction). Si basa sull'uso combinato di due leganti con selettività e solubilità opposte, che operano in un sistema push-pull, consentendo la separazione dell'Am dal Cm e dai lantanidi (Ln). L'etossietanolo-bis-triazolil-fenantrolina (EBTzPhen) è stata studiata come alternativa, costituita unicamente da C, H, O e N, al legante idrofilo solfonato di riferimento. Una molecola conforme al principio CHON può essere incenerita senza la formazione di rifiuti solidi secondari, migliorando la sostenibilità del processo. Lo scopo dello studio è stato quello di valutare le prestazioni di estrazione dell'EBTzPhen e la sua selettività per l'Am, in presenza del Cm e di tutti i lantanidi. Il comportamento del sistema è stato studiato con esperimenti in batch in funzione di diversi parametri rilevanti per il processo: concentrazione iniziale di legante e acido nitrico, temperatura e tempo di contatto. I rapporti di distribuzione e i fattori di separazione sono valutati per tutti gli ioni tramite spettrometria gamma e alfa e misurazioni ICP-MS. Per comprendere meglio il meccanismo di complessazione, è stata eseguita una titolazione UV-VIS con nitrato di Eu. I Ln pesanti sono stati estratti quasi completamente nella fase organica, mentre i Ln leggeri hanno mostrato la tendenza a rimanere nella fase acquosa, soprattutto il La. La separazione dell'Am è stata ottenuta con concentrazioni di legante pari a 0.1 M e di acido nitrico pari a 0.3 M: il Cm e il La sono stati estratti nella fase organica, mentre l'Am è stato trattenuto nella fase acquosa, fornendo fattori di separazione intorno a 2-2.5 sia per Cm/Am che per La/Am, garantendo l'assenza di co-estrazione. La molecola ha mostrato una cinetica rapida, ma il sistema si è rivelato influenzato dalla temperatura. Infine, sia la protonazione che la struttura stessa della molecola sembrano avere un impatto significativo sulla complessazione. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano il potenziale dell'EBTzPhen come alternativa CHON per il processo AmSel e forniscono spunti per perfezionare il design molecolare.
Bistriazolyl-phenanthroline ligand for sustainable Am(III) separation from simulated spent nuclear fuel solutions
DE AMICIS, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Following the recovery of U and Pu from used nuclear fuel, Am becomes the primary contributor to the long-term radiotoxicity and heat load of the remaining high level waste. The AmSel (Americium Selective) process has been developed for the selective stripping of Am from PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Reduction Extraction) raffinate. It is based on the combined use of two ligands with opposite selectivity and solubility, which work in a push-pull system, allowing a satisfactory separation of Am from Cm and all the lanthanides (Ln). Ethoxyethanol-bis-triazolyl-phenanthroline (EBTzPhen) was investigated as an alternative made only by C, H, O and N to the reference sulphonated hydrophilic ligand. A CHON-compliant molecule can be incinerated without the formation of secondary solid waste, improving the sustainability of the process. The aim of the study was to assess the extraction performance of the EBTzPhen and its selectivity towards Am, in presence of Cm and all the Ln. The behaviour of the system was investigated with batch experiments as a function of different parameters, relevant for the process: initial ligand and nitric acid concentration, temperature and mixing time. Distribution ratios and separation factors were evaluated for all the ions by gamma and alpha spectrometry and ICP-MS measurements. To better understand the complexation mechanism, a UV-VIS metal titration was carried out with Eu nitrate. Heavy Ln were extracted almost completely into the organic phase, while light Ln tended to remain in the aqueous phase, with La being the most retained. Am separation was obtained with 0.1 M ligand and 0.3 M nitric acid concentrations: Cm and La were extracted in the organic phase, while Am was retained in the aqueous phase, yielding separation factors around 2-2.5 for both Cm/Am and La/Am, ensuring no co-extraction. The molecule exhibited fast kinetics, but the system proved to be affected by temperature. Finally, complexation appeared to be affected both by protonation and by the molecule's structure itself. The results obtained in this work demonstrate the potential of EBTzPhen as a promising CHON-compliant alternative for the AmSel process and provide critical insights to further refine the molecular design.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_De_Amicis_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260802