Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been gaining attraction over the last decade and has increasingly been used to address social challenges. This is generally done through initiatives generally referred to as Artificial Intelligence for Social Good. (AI4SG) While existing research has mainly focused on AI technologies, adoption factors, ethical concerns, and contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals, less attention has been given to understanding how AI contributes to general social impact and how it can affect human well-being. This study explores how AI-enabled nonprofit organisations (NPOs) contribute to capability enhancement and social impact from the perspective of the Capability Approach framework. The study is based on the Capability Approach Theory developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum and uses the Measurement Framework for Equality and Human Rights to assess capability outcomes. A multiple case study was conducted, which was based on a data set of 106 AI-enabled NPOs founded after 2016. This limitation was established, and the data set was formed by publicly available organisational sources and analysed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that AI is mostly used to support the capabilities related to participation, education, and work domains from the defined capability framework that was utilized. The most common results include improving access to education and lifelong learning, developing digital and information skills, and supporting participation in society and the labour market. The analysis also identified emerging capabilities related to technology, data, digital decision-making, and AI-supported learning. These suggest that AI both enhances human capabilities and generates new forms of capability in evolving digital environments. Throughout this study, the findings were analysed and their implications discussed. The study further proposes a conceptual model of AI-based capability formation, offering empirical evidence on how AI-enabled NPOs contribute to capability development and social impact, while addressing a gap in the AI4SG literature and highlighting future directions for adapting capability-based frameworks to increasingly AI-mediated societies.
L’intelligenza artificiale (IA) ha incrementato la sua forza attrattiva nell’ultima decade fino a trovare applicazione anche in ambito sociale, attraverso iniziative generalmente conosciute sotto la nomea di Artificial Intelligence for Social Good (AI4SG). Mentre la ricerca si è principalmente focalizzata sulle tecnologie IA, fattori di adozione, preoccupazioni etiche, obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile, meno attenzione è stata invece dedicata al suo impatto sul benessere e sulla società. Questo studio vuole proporsi di esplorare come le organizzazioni non profit basate su modelli di approccio AI (NPOs) concorrano al rafforzamento delle capabilities, e dell’impatto sociale, dal punto di vista del quadro teorico del Capability Approach. Questo studio si basa sul Capability Approach sviluppato da Amartya Sen e Martha Nussbaum e utilizza il Measurement Framework for Equality and Human Rights per valutare i risultati in termini di capacità. È stato condotto uno studio di casi multipli basato su di una raccolta dati di 106 organizzazioni non profit abilitate all’intelligenza artificiale fondate dopo il 2016. I dati sono stati composti a partire da fonti organizzative pubblicamente disponibili, analizzato attraverso un’indagine qualitativa. I risultati dello studio mostrano come l’IA sia utilizzata principalmente a supporto delle capacità di partecipazione, istruzione e lavoro. I risultati più comuni riguardano il miglioramento dell’accesso all’istruzione e all’apprendimento permanente, lo sviluppo delle competenze digitali e informative, uniti al sostegno alla partecipazione alla società e al mercato del lavoro. L’analisi ha inoltre identificato capacità emergenti correlate alla tecnologia, ai dati, al processo decisionale digitale e all’apprendimento supportato dall’IA, suggerendo che l’intelligenza artificiale non solo rafforzi le capacità umane esistenti, ma generi anche nuove capacità negli ambienti digitali. Lo studio propone un modello concettuale di formazione delle capacità basato sull’IA, fornendo evidenze su come le organizzazioni non profit abilitate all’intelligenza artificiale contribuiscano allo sviluppo delle capacità e all’impatto sociale, colmando al contempo una lacuna nella letteratura sull’IA per il bene sociale e evidenziando possibili direzioni future per l’adattamento dei quadri teorici basati sull’approccio delle capacità per società sempre più mediate dall’intelligenza artificiale.
AI for good in non-profit organisations: a capability approach based study
KOÇ, ECE;Sarac, Ebru
2025/2026
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been gaining attraction over the last decade and has increasingly been used to address social challenges. This is generally done through initiatives generally referred to as Artificial Intelligence for Social Good. (AI4SG) While existing research has mainly focused on AI technologies, adoption factors, ethical concerns, and contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals, less attention has been given to understanding how AI contributes to general social impact and how it can affect human well-being. This study explores how AI-enabled nonprofit organisations (NPOs) contribute to capability enhancement and social impact from the perspective of the Capability Approach framework. The study is based on the Capability Approach Theory developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum and uses the Measurement Framework for Equality and Human Rights to assess capability outcomes. A multiple case study was conducted, which was based on a data set of 106 AI-enabled NPOs founded after 2016. This limitation was established, and the data set was formed by publicly available organisational sources and analysed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that AI is mostly used to support the capabilities related to participation, education, and work domains from the defined capability framework that was utilized. The most common results include improving access to education and lifelong learning, developing digital and information skills, and supporting participation in society and the labour market. The analysis also identified emerging capabilities related to technology, data, digital decision-making, and AI-supported learning. These suggest that AI both enhances human capabilities and generates new forms of capability in evolving digital environments. Throughout this study, the findings were analysed and their implications discussed. The study further proposes a conceptual model of AI-based capability formation, offering empirical evidence on how AI-enabled NPOs contribute to capability development and social impact, while addressing a gap in the AI4SG literature and highlighting future directions for adapting capability-based frameworks to increasingly AI-mediated societies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Koc_Sarac_Thesis_01.pdf
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2026_07_Koc_Sarac_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary of the thesis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260826