Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are increasingly investigated for the recovery of strategic metals from lithium-ion battery black mass, but the specific contribution of the eutectic environment to metal extraction is still unclear. This thesis investigated whether the extraction behaviour of choline chloride-based DESs results from interactions established within the eutectic mixture or can be reproduced by the individual components. A water-leached LCO + NMC black mass substrate was treated with three DESs: choline chloride: ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:GLY) and choline chloride:urea (ChCl:Urea). Each DES was directly compared with aqueous systems containing its individual components under the same experimental conditions. Metal extraction was quantified by ICP-MS, while water and NaOH addition were tested as preliminary recovery strategies. ChCl:EG showed the highest cobalt extraction efficiency, equal to 8.5%, and the highest Co selectivity over Mn and Ni, equal to 97.1%. ChCl:GLY reached 5.7% Co extraction and 87.2% selectivity, while ChCl:Urea extracted only 1.0% Co and showed a lower selectivity of 46.0%. The aqueous systems did not reproduce the performance of the two polyol-based DESs, suggesting that their extraction behaviour is influenced by interactions established within the DES phase rather than by the simple sum of the individual component properties. Recovery tests showed that DES composition also controls the stability and recoverability of the dissolved metals. ChCl:EG produced a Co-rich precipitate, ChCl:GLY maintained the metals in solution even after NaOH addition, and ChCl:Urea promoted extensive but non-selective precipitation. Overall, the results provide evidence of a relevant DES effect for the polyol-based systems and show that extraction efficiency, selectivity and leachate stability must be considered together in the design of DES-based recycling processes.
I solventi eutettici profondi (in inglese Deep Eutectic Solvents, DES) sono sempre più studiati per il recupero di metalli strategici dalla black mass delle batterie agli ioni di litio, ma il contributo specifico dell’ambiente eutettico all’estrazione dei metalli non è ancora chiaro. Questa tesi ha studiato se il comportamento estrattivo dei DES a base di colina cloruro derivi dalle interazioni stabilite all’interno della miscela eutettica o se possa essere riprodotto dai singoli componenti. Un substrato di black mass LCO + NMC precedentemente lisciviato con acqua è stato trattato con tre sistemi DES: colina cloruro:glicole etilenico (ChCl:EG), colina cloruro:glicerolo (ChCl:GLY) e colina cloruro:urea (ChCl:Urea). Ciascun DES è stato confrontato direttamente con sistemi acquosi contenenti i suoi singoli componenti, nelle stesse condizioni sperimentali. L’estrazione dei metalli è stata quantificata mediante ICP-MS, mentre l’aggiunta di acqua e di NaOH sono state testate come strategie preliminari di recupero. ChCl:EG ha mostrato la maggiore efficienza di estrazione del cobalto, pari all’8.5%, e la maggiore selettività del Co rispetto a Mn e Ni, pari al 97.1%. ChCl:GLY ha raggiunto un’estrazione del Co del 5.7% e una selettività dell’87.2%, mentre ChCl:Urea ha estratto solo l’1.0% di Co e ha mostrato una selettività inferiore, pari al 46.0%. I sistemi acquosi non hanno riprodotto le prestazioni dei due DES a base di polioli, indicando che il loro comportamento estrattivo è influenzato dalle interazioni stabilite all’interno della fase eutettica, piuttosto che dalla semplice somma delle proprietà dei singoli componenti. Le prove di recupero hanno mostrato che la composizione del DES controlla anche la stabilità e la possibilità di recupero dei metalli disciolti. ChCl:EG ha prodotto un precipitato ricco di Co, ChCl:GLY ha mantenuto i metalli in soluzione anche dopo l’aggiunta di NaOH e ChCl:Urea ha promosso una precipitazione estesa ma non selettiva. Nel complesso, i risultati forniscono evidenza di un rilevante effetto DES per i sistemi a base di polioli e mostrano che l’efficienza di estrazione, la selettività e la stabilità del lisciviato devono essere considerate congiuntamente nella progettazione di processi di riciclo basati sui DES.
Critical metal recovery from battery black mass by choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents
Anania, Vincenzo
2025/2026
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are increasingly investigated for the recovery of strategic metals from lithium-ion battery black mass, but the specific contribution of the eutectic environment to metal extraction is still unclear. This thesis investigated whether the extraction behaviour of choline chloride-based DESs results from interactions established within the eutectic mixture or can be reproduced by the individual components. A water-leached LCO + NMC black mass substrate was treated with three DESs: choline chloride: ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:GLY) and choline chloride:urea (ChCl:Urea). Each DES was directly compared with aqueous systems containing its individual components under the same experimental conditions. Metal extraction was quantified by ICP-MS, while water and NaOH addition were tested as preliminary recovery strategies. ChCl:EG showed the highest cobalt extraction efficiency, equal to 8.5%, and the highest Co selectivity over Mn and Ni, equal to 97.1%. ChCl:GLY reached 5.7% Co extraction and 87.2% selectivity, while ChCl:Urea extracted only 1.0% Co and showed a lower selectivity of 46.0%. The aqueous systems did not reproduce the performance of the two polyol-based DESs, suggesting that their extraction behaviour is influenced by interactions established within the DES phase rather than by the simple sum of the individual component properties. Recovery tests showed that DES composition also controls the stability and recoverability of the dissolved metals. ChCl:EG produced a Co-rich precipitate, ChCl:GLY maintained the metals in solution even after NaOH addition, and ChCl:Urea promoted extensive but non-selective precipitation. Overall, the results provide evidence of a relevant DES effect for the polyol-based systems and show that extraction efficiency, selectivity and leachate stability must be considered together in the design of DES-based recycling processes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260839