Outcome-based contracting (OBC) is a family of public-private partnership instruments for delivering public services, with payment contingent on verified social outcomes. The model gained prominence with the 2010 Peterborough Social Impact Bond and has spread to 42 countries, but adoption remains uneven: the UK accounts for about one-third of documented projects, while Continental European countries with comparable governance capacity show lower adoption. This thesis examines the cross-national diffusion of OBC through innovation diffusion theory, integrating research on welfare governance, OBC governance and design, and public policy diffusion. Empirically, it combines project-level data from the INDIGO Impact Bond Dataset (320 projects, 2010-2024) with three World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI): Government Effectiveness, Control of Corruption, and Rule of Law. The results show an S-shaped temporal trajectory, concentration in Anglo-Saxon liberal market economies, and adoption forms shaped by local institutional translation. In the full sample, Government Effectiveness is moderately associated with adoption (r = 0.46), but this relationship is driven mainly by the contrast between high- and low-capacity contexts rather than by a gradient within advanced democracies. The Anglo-Saxon group and the high-adoption Western European group have almost identical Government Effectiveness scores (1.64 and 1.65) but differ by 93 projects. The thesis advances three propositions: governance capacity appears to be an enabling but insufficient condition for adoption at scale; within high-capacity contexts, welfare state regimes, New Public Management legacies, and intermediary ecosystems shape adoption intensity and form; and in low-capacity contexts, OBC follows a distinct, externally promoted pathway. The quantitative contribution is primarily eliminative: WGI scores do not distinguish adoption levels among high-income democracies, while the positive institutional explanation rests on structured comparison and comparative qualitative literature. The thesis offers an integrated framework and a replicable approach for studying complex governance innovations.
I contratti basati sui risultati (OBC) sono strumenti di partenariato pubblico-privato per l'erogazione di servizi pubblici, in cui il pagamento è subordinato a esiti sociali verificati. Il modello ha acquisito visibilità con il Social Impact Bond di Peterborough del 2010 e si è diffuso in 42 paesi, ma l'adozione è disomogenea: il Regno Unito concentra circa un terzo dei progetti documentati, mentre paesi europei con governance comparabile registrano adozioni inferiori. La tesi analizza la diffusione degli OBC alla luce della teoria della diffusione dell'innovazione, integrando studi su governance del welfare, governance degli OBC e diffusione delle politiche pubbliche. Combina i dati INDIGO (320 progetti, 2010-2024) con tre Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) della Banca Mondiale: efficacia dell'azione di governo, controllo della corruzione e stato di diritto. I risultati mostrano una traiettoria a forma di S, una concentrazione nelle economie liberali anglosassoni e forme di adozione plasmate dalla traduzione istituzionale locale. Nel campione complessivo, l'efficacia dell'azione di governo è moderatamente associata all'adozione (r = 0,46), ma la relazione deriva soprattutto dal contrasto tra contesti ad alta e bassa capacità, non da un gradiente tra democrazie avanzate. Il gruppo anglosassone e il gruppo europeo occidentale ad alta adozione hanno punteggi quasi identici (1,64 e 1,65), ma differiscono di 93 progetti. La tesi formula tre proposizioni: la capacità di governance sembra essere una condizione abilitante ma non sufficiente per l'adozione su larga scala; nei contesti ad alta capacità, il regime di welfare, l'eredità del New Public Management e l'ecosistema degli intermediari ne plasmano intensità e forma; nei contesti a bassa capacità, gli OBC seguono un percorso distinto, promosso dall'esterno. Il contributo quantitativo è principalmente eliminativo: mostra che i WGI non discriminano l'adozione tra democrazie ad alto reddito, mentre la spiegazione istituzionale si fonda sul confronto strutturato e sulla letteratura qualitativa comparata. La tesi offre un quadro integrato e un approccio replicabile per studiare innovazioni complesse di governance.
Outcome-Based Contracting as public service innovation: diffusion across institutional contexts
SIRMABIYIKLI, SERHAT ERALP
2025/2026
Abstract
Outcome-based contracting (OBC) is a family of public-private partnership instruments for delivering public services, with payment contingent on verified social outcomes. The model gained prominence with the 2010 Peterborough Social Impact Bond and has spread to 42 countries, but adoption remains uneven: the UK accounts for about one-third of documented projects, while Continental European countries with comparable governance capacity show lower adoption. This thesis examines the cross-national diffusion of OBC through innovation diffusion theory, integrating research on welfare governance, OBC governance and design, and public policy diffusion. Empirically, it combines project-level data from the INDIGO Impact Bond Dataset (320 projects, 2010-2024) with three World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI): Government Effectiveness, Control of Corruption, and Rule of Law. The results show an S-shaped temporal trajectory, concentration in Anglo-Saxon liberal market economies, and adoption forms shaped by local institutional translation. In the full sample, Government Effectiveness is moderately associated with adoption (r = 0.46), but this relationship is driven mainly by the contrast between high- and low-capacity contexts rather than by a gradient within advanced democracies. The Anglo-Saxon group and the high-adoption Western European group have almost identical Government Effectiveness scores (1.64 and 1.65) but differ by 93 projects. The thesis advances three propositions: governance capacity appears to be an enabling but insufficient condition for adoption at scale; within high-capacity contexts, welfare state regimes, New Public Management legacies, and intermediary ecosystems shape adoption intensity and form; and in low-capacity contexts, OBC follows a distinct, externally promoted pathway. The quantitative contribution is primarily eliminative: WGI scores do not distinguish adoption levels among high-income democracies, while the positive institutional explanation rests on structured comparison and comparative qualitative literature. The thesis offers an integrated framework and a replicable approach for studying complex governance innovations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260865