The nonlinear dynamic response of MEMS resonators is a key aspect of their design, since it sets the limits of their operating range and can either degrade or enhance device performance. This thesis investigates the origin of a nonlinear effect observed experimentally in a piezoelectric MEMS resonator, whose response changes from hardening to softening depending on the crystal orientation of the ultra-highly doped (UHD) silicon layer, being of hardening type in the ⟨100⟩ configuration and of softening type in the ⟨110⟩ one. The study is carried out with a three-dimensional reduced order modeling technique based on the Direct Parametrization of the Invariant Manifolds (DPIM), used to compute the backbone curve of the resonator with a purely mechanical and a simplified piezoelectric formulation. The analysis starts from the linear eigenmodes, which identify the extensional mode of interest and reveal, in the ⟨110⟩ configuration, a close interaction between this mode and two neighboring spring modes. After the two codes are cross-validated and shown to yield identical backbone curves, two hypotheses are assessed: that the change of behavior is governed by the rotation of the orthotropic stiffness matrix of the silicon layer from the ⟨100⟩ to the ⟨110⟩ orientation, and that it is governed by a non-uniform prestress applied to the piezoelectric layer. A mesh-convergence study, extended up to very refined discretizations of 175.000 and 230.000 nodes, shows that the difference between the two orientations observed on the coarser meshes is a numerical artifact, due to their mesh asymmetry, that disappears upon refinement, the two backbone curves becoming almost indistinguishable. A longitudinal prestress of ±100 MPa on the piezoelectric layer is likewise found to be negligible, in agreement with the near-zero prestress measured experimentally. Both hypotheses are therefore rejected: within the adopted linear elastic description, neither the crystal orientation nor the prestress can explain the observed transition, which is concluded to originate from a nonlinear, orientation-dependent constitutive behavior of the doped silicon, to be addressed in future work.
La risposta dinamica non lineare dei risonatori MEMS è un aspetto chiave della loro progettazione, poiché definisce i limiti del loro intervallo operativo e può sia degradare sia migliorare le prestazioni del dispositivo. Questa tesi indaga l’origine di un effetto non lineare osservato sperimentalmente in un risonatore MEMS piezoelettrico, la cui risposta passa da hardening a softening a seconda dell’orientazione cristallina dello strato di silicio fortemente drogato (UHD), risultando di tipo hardening nella configurazione ⟨100⟩ e di tipo softening nella configurazione ⟨110⟩. Lo studio è condotto mediante una tecnica di modellazione a ordine ridotto tridimensionale basata sulla Parametrizzazione Diretta delle Varietà Invarianti (DPIM), impiegata per calcolare la curva di backbone del risonatore con una formulazione puramente meccanica e una piezoelettrica semplificata. L’analisi parte dai modi propri lineari, che individuano il modo estensionale di interesse e rivelano, nella configurazione ⟨110⟩, una stretta interazione tra tale modo e due modi di molla vicini. Dopo aver verificato che i due codici forniscono curve di backbone identiche, vengono valutate due ipotesi: che il cambiamento di comportamento sia governato dalla rotazione della matrice di rigidezza ortotropa dello strato di silicio dall’orientazione ⟨100⟩ a quella ⟨110⟩, e che sia governato da un prestress non uniforme applicato allo strato piezoelettrico. Uno studio di convergenza della mesh, esteso fino a discretizzazioni molto raffinate di 175.000 e 230.000 nodi, mostra che la differenza tra le due orientazioni osservata sulle mesh più grossolane è un artefatto numerico, dovuto alla loro asimmetria, che scompare con il raffinamento, con le due curve di backbone che diventano quasi indistinguibili. Anche un prestress longitudinale di ±100 MPa sullo strato piezoelettrico risulta trascurabile, in accordo con il prestress quasi nullo misurato sperimentalmente. Entrambe le ipotesi sono quindi respinte: nell’ambito della descrizione elastica lineare adottata, né l’orientazione cristallina né il prestress possono spiegare la transizione osservata, che si conclude avere origine da un comportamento costitutivo non lineare e dipendente dall’orientazione del silicio drogato, da affrontare in lavori futuri.
Nonlinear dynamics of a piezoelectric MEMS resonator via the Direct Parametrization of Invariant Manifolds
Campo Flórez, Vanessa Alexandra
2025/2026
Abstract
The nonlinear dynamic response of MEMS resonators is a key aspect of their design, since it sets the limits of their operating range and can either degrade or enhance device performance. This thesis investigates the origin of a nonlinear effect observed experimentally in a piezoelectric MEMS resonator, whose response changes from hardening to softening depending on the crystal orientation of the ultra-highly doped (UHD) silicon layer, being of hardening type in the ⟨100⟩ configuration and of softening type in the ⟨110⟩ one. The study is carried out with a three-dimensional reduced order modeling technique based on the Direct Parametrization of the Invariant Manifolds (DPIM), used to compute the backbone curve of the resonator with a purely mechanical and a simplified piezoelectric formulation. The analysis starts from the linear eigenmodes, which identify the extensional mode of interest and reveal, in the ⟨110⟩ configuration, a close interaction between this mode and two neighboring spring modes. After the two codes are cross-validated and shown to yield identical backbone curves, two hypotheses are assessed: that the change of behavior is governed by the rotation of the orthotropic stiffness matrix of the silicon layer from the ⟨100⟩ to the ⟨110⟩ orientation, and that it is governed by a non-uniform prestress applied to the piezoelectric layer. A mesh-convergence study, extended up to very refined discretizations of 175.000 and 230.000 nodes, shows that the difference between the two orientations observed on the coarser meshes is a numerical artifact, due to their mesh asymmetry, that disappears upon refinement, the two backbone curves becoming almost indistinguishable. A longitudinal prestress of ±100 MPa on the piezoelectric layer is likewise found to be negligible, in agreement with the near-zero prestress measured experimentally. Both hypotheses are therefore rejected: within the adopted linear elastic description, neither the crystal orientation nor the prestress can explain the observed transition, which is concluded to originate from a nonlinear, orientation-dependent constitutive behavior of the doped silicon, to be addressed in future work.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260896