The Biomass mission of the European Space Agency carries the first P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to operate from orbit, with the goal of mapping above-ground forest biomass at global scale. The long P-band wavelength penetrates the forest canopy but confines the radar to a narrow, congested 6 MHz allocation shared with terrestrial radio services. The resulting radio frequency interference (RFI) degrades the calibrated backscatter and the coherence on which the mission’s products depend, affecting the weaker cross-polarised channels most: a robust data-driven mitigation method is thus necessary. This thesis develops, implements, and validates a data-driven RFI detection and sup- pression chain for Biomass commissioning-phase data. The detector exploits a physical property of quad-polarimetric acquisitions: an external interferer couples identically into the two channels that share a receive antenna port, whereas the scene backscatter in those channels is statistically independent. Their cross-channel coherence, near zero over natural terrain, rises toward unity wherever interference dominates, giving a detection signal that is independent of the interferer’s waveform and absolute power and that needs no background-power model. For suppression, a locally estimated Wiener weight uses the cross-polarised channel as an auxiliary reference to coherently cancel the interference while preserving the scene content that spectral notching destroys. Validated in simulation against an exact ground truth, the detector outperforms the es- tablished single-channel reference, most clearly on the weak cross-polarised channels and under heavy contamination. On real Biomass data the coherent cancellation matches the operational ESA filter in image quality while roughly halving the residual cross-channel coherence at the contaminated cells and preserving the natural spectral shape that the operational filter reshapes, showing that the polarimetric structure of the data is itself an effective instrument for removing the interference that corrupts it.
La missione Biomass dell’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA) impiega il primo radar ad aper- tura sintetica (SAR) in banda P operante dallo spazio, con l’obiettivo di mappare a scala globale la biomassa forestale epigea. La grande lunghezza d’onda della banda P penetra il volume della chioma forestale, ma costringe il radar a una stretta e trafficata allocazione di 6 MHz condivisa con i servizi radio terrestri. L’interferenza a radiofrequenza (RFI) che ne deriva degrada la retrodiffusione calibrata e la coerenza su cui si fondano i prodotti della missione, colpendo soprattutto i canali cross-polari: una mitigazione robusta e basata sui dati di acquisizione è quindi necessaria. Questa tesi sviluppa, implementa e valida una catena guidata dai dati per il rilevamento e la soppressione dell’RFI sui dati della fase di commissioning di Biomass. Il rilevatore sfrutta una proprietà fisica delle acquisizioni quad-polarimetriche: un interferente esterno si accoppia in modo identico nei due canali che condividono la stessa porta d’antenna in ricezione, mentre la retrodiffusione della scena in tali canali è statisticamente indipen- dente. La loro coerenza tra canali (cross-channel), prossima a zero sui terreni naturali, sale verso l’unità ovunque l’interferenza domini, fornendo un segnale di rilevamento in- dipendente dalla forma d’onda e dalla potenza assoluta dell’interferente. Per la soppres- sione, un peso di Wiener stimato localmente impiega il canale cross-polare come riferi- mento ausiliario per cancellare in modo coerente l’interferenza, preservando il segnale che l’azzeramento spettrale (notching) distruggerebbe. Validato in una simulazione con un’iniezione artificiale di interferenza, il rilevatore supera il metodo di riferimento a singolo canale, specialmente sui deboli canali cross-polari e in condizioni di forte contaminazione. Su dati reali di Biomass la cancellazione coerente è comparabile con il filtro operativo dell’ESA in qualità d’immagine, dimezzando inoltre la coerenza residua tra canali nelle celle contaminate e preservando la forma spettrale naturale che il filtro operativo altera, dimostrando che la struttura polarimetrica dei dati è uno strumento efficace per rimuovere l’interferenza.
RFI detection and suppression in P-Band spaceborne SAR data
Bellezza, Alessandro
2025/2026
Abstract
The Biomass mission of the European Space Agency carries the first P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to operate from orbit, with the goal of mapping above-ground forest biomass at global scale. The long P-band wavelength penetrates the forest canopy but confines the radar to a narrow, congested 6 MHz allocation shared with terrestrial radio services. The resulting radio frequency interference (RFI) degrades the calibrated backscatter and the coherence on which the mission’s products depend, affecting the weaker cross-polarised channels most: a robust data-driven mitigation method is thus necessary. This thesis develops, implements, and validates a data-driven RFI detection and sup- pression chain for Biomass commissioning-phase data. The detector exploits a physical property of quad-polarimetric acquisitions: an external interferer couples identically into the two channels that share a receive antenna port, whereas the scene backscatter in those channels is statistically independent. Their cross-channel coherence, near zero over natural terrain, rises toward unity wherever interference dominates, giving a detection signal that is independent of the interferer’s waveform and absolute power and that needs no background-power model. For suppression, a locally estimated Wiener weight uses the cross-polarised channel as an auxiliary reference to coherently cancel the interference while preserving the scene content that spectral notching destroys. Validated in simulation against an exact ground truth, the detector outperforms the es- tablished single-channel reference, most clearly on the weak cross-polarised channels and under heavy contamination. On real Biomass data the coherent cancellation matches the operational ESA filter in image quality while roughly halving the residual cross-channel coherence at the contaminated cells and preserving the natural spectral shape that the operational filter reshapes, showing that the polarimetric structure of the data is itself an effective instrument for removing the interference that corrupts it.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Bellezza.pdf
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Descrizione: RFI Detection and Suppression in P-Band Spaceborne SAR Data - Thesis
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Executive_Summary_Bellezza_Alessandro.pdf
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Descrizione: RFI Detection and Suppression in P-Band Spaceborne SAR Data - Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260953