Elastocaloric cooling based on the reversible martensitic transformation of NiTi-based shape memory alloys is one of the most promising solid-state alternatives to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration. Substitution of Ni with Fe shifts the transformation deep below room temperature and stabilizes the intermediate R-phase, opening the way to sub-zero and potentially cryogenic operation; however, the joint role of composition and thermomechanical processing in this composition window remains insufficiently mapped, particularly in the technologically relevant 3–5 at.% Fe range. This work investigates three Ni(50-X)–Ti50–FeX alloys (X = 3, 4, 5 at.%) produced by arc melting, processed in cast and cold-rolled ribbon geometries and heat treated at different temperatures: cast samples were solubilized at 950°C for 72 hours and aged at 400°C and 500°C for 30 minutes while cold-rolled ribbons were annealed at 400°C, 500°C and 600°C for 30 minutes. The samples were characterized through optical and scanning electron microscopy with EDX, X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, differential scanning calorimetry, electrical resistance measurements, strain recovery in bending, uniaxial tension and compression testing, and direct elastocaloric measurements. All alloys show a B2 matrix and a NiTi2 secondary phase which distribution, finer in the Fe5 alloy, affects both the transformation behavior and the mechanical response. A single reversible B2-R phase transformation is observed between −20°C and −55°C with narrow thermal hysteresis (1–6°C). The Fe5 alloy deviates from the expected monotonic depression of transformation temperatures with Fe content: its finer NiTi2 precipitates act as more efficient preferential nucleation sites for the R-phase transformation and lowers the alloy yield strength, compromising the mechanical behavior. Annealing at 500 °C for 30 minutes on the cold-rolled ribbons is identified as the optimal processing route. Direct elastocaloric measurements on the B2-R phase transformation yield up to ΔTad = −1.05°C for Ni47-Ti50-Fe3. Most significantly, the same alloy supports a fully reversible stress-induced R-B19′ transformation below −100°C, with a Clausius–Clapeyron coefficient of 3.94 MPa/°C and an estimated ΔTad of approximately −7°C, establishing it as a potential candidate for cryogenic elastocaloric cooling.
Il raffreddamento elastocalorico basato sulla trasformazione martensitica reversibile delle leghe a memoria di forma a base NiTi è una delle più promettenti tecnologie allo stato solido alternative alla refrigerazione convenzionale a compressione di gas. La sostituzione del Ni con il Fe sposta la trasformazione martensitica verso temperature molto inferiori alla temperature ambiente e stabilizza la fase intermedia R, aprendo alla possibilità di operare a temperature sotto lo zero e potenzialmente criogeniche; purtroppo, il ruolo della composizione e della lavorazione termomeccanica in questa finestra composizionale rimane insufficientemente esplorata, in particolare nel range tecnologicamente rilevante pari a 3-5 at.% di Fe. Questo studio analizza tre leghe Ni(50-X)–Ti50–FeX (X = 3, 4, 5 at.%) prodotte tramite arc melting, lavorate come grezzi di solidificazione e come nastri laminati a freddo, successivamente trattati a diverse temperature: i campioni solidificati sono stati solubilizzati a 950°C per 72 h e invecchiati a 400°C e 500°C per 30 minuti mentre i nastri sono stati ricotti a 400°C, 500°C e 600°C per 30 minuti. I campioni sono stati caratterizzati tramite microscopia ottica, microscopia a scansione elettronica con EDX, diffrazione a raggi X con analisi Rietveld, calorimetria a scansione differenziale (DSC), misure di resistività elettrica in temperatura, strain recovery in flessione, test meccanici in compressione e tensione uniassiale e misure dirette dell’effetto elastocalorico. Tutte le leghe mostrano una matrice austenitica B2 ed una fase secondaria NiTi2, più fine nei campioni Fe5, la cui distribuzione influenza sia la trasformazione B2-R sia la risposta meccanica. Una sola trasformazione di fase B2-R è stata osservata tra -20°C e -55°C, con un isteresi di trasformazione molto ridotta (1-6°C). La lega Fe5 devia dalle aspettative di depressione delle temperature di trasformazione relative al contenuto di ferro: i precipitati NiTi2 più fini agiscono più efficacemente come siti preferenziali di nucleazione della fase R e riducono il carico di snervamento, compromettendo le proprietà meccaniche della lega. La ricottura a 500°C per 30 minuti sui nastri laminati a freddo è identificata come la condizione di processo ottimale. Misure elastocaloriche dirette sulla trasformazione B2-R mostrano ΔTad = −1.05°C per Ni47-Ti50-Fe3. La stessa lega mostra una trasformazione R-B19’ stress-indotta completamente reversibile sotto -100°C, con KCC = 3.94 MPa/°C e una stima di ΔTad = −7°C, rendendola un potenziale candidato per il raffreddamento elastocalorico criogenico.
Study of a NiTiFe system for elastocaloric cooling applications
Galli, Filippo
2025/2026
Abstract
Elastocaloric cooling based on the reversible martensitic transformation of NiTi-based shape memory alloys is one of the most promising solid-state alternatives to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration. Substitution of Ni with Fe shifts the transformation deep below room temperature and stabilizes the intermediate R-phase, opening the way to sub-zero and potentially cryogenic operation; however, the joint role of composition and thermomechanical processing in this composition window remains insufficiently mapped, particularly in the technologically relevant 3–5 at.% Fe range. This work investigates three Ni(50-X)–Ti50–FeX alloys (X = 3, 4, 5 at.%) produced by arc melting, processed in cast and cold-rolled ribbon geometries and heat treated at different temperatures: cast samples were solubilized at 950°C for 72 hours and aged at 400°C and 500°C for 30 minutes while cold-rolled ribbons were annealed at 400°C, 500°C and 600°C for 30 minutes. The samples were characterized through optical and scanning electron microscopy with EDX, X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, differential scanning calorimetry, electrical resistance measurements, strain recovery in bending, uniaxial tension and compression testing, and direct elastocaloric measurements. All alloys show a B2 matrix and a NiTi2 secondary phase which distribution, finer in the Fe5 alloy, affects both the transformation behavior and the mechanical response. A single reversible B2-R phase transformation is observed between −20°C and −55°C with narrow thermal hysteresis (1–6°C). The Fe5 alloy deviates from the expected monotonic depression of transformation temperatures with Fe content: its finer NiTi2 precipitates act as more efficient preferential nucleation sites for the R-phase transformation and lowers the alloy yield strength, compromising the mechanical behavior. Annealing at 500 °C for 30 minutes on the cold-rolled ribbons is identified as the optimal processing route. Direct elastocaloric measurements on the B2-R phase transformation yield up to ΔTad = −1.05°C for Ni47-Ti50-Fe3. Most significantly, the same alloy supports a fully reversible stress-induced R-B19′ transformation below −100°C, with a Clausius–Clapeyron coefficient of 3.94 MPa/°C and an estimated ΔTad of approximately −7°C, establishing it as a potential candidate for cryogenic elastocaloric cooling.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Filippo Galli.pdf
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Descrizione: Study of a NiTiFe system for elastocaloric cooling applications Msc. thesis Filippo Galli
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Executive Filippo Galli.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary of the thesis Filippo Galli
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/260967