Thermoresponsive polymers represent a promising class of materials for the formulation of innovative systems for therapeutic applications. In particular, the synthesis of polymeric hydrogels with tunable Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST) is attractive for different disease scenarios, including osteoarthritis (OA) therapies. Osteoarthritis (OA) therapy is commonly palliative and involves Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), orally administered, or Intra-Articular (IA) injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (HA). However, although these alternatives are valid strategies to attenuate OA symptoms, they cannot halt or revert its progression, and are generally accompanied by side effects, such as cardiovascular problems, kidney damage, or internal bleeding due to long systemic exposure to NSAIDs. Most of these complications and the lack of effectiveness could be attributed to the absence of a valid strategy to decrease systemic exposure while keeping drug concentration high enough at the site of interest, and to the inherently unstructured nature of conventional formulations, which cannot reproduce the geometry of the cartilage defect or provide localized, defect-conforming support. In this context, additive manufacturing is increasingly investigated as a fabrication strategy for cartilage and osteochondral substitutes, owing to its ability to produce geometrically complex constructs with high resolution and fast fabrication. In parallel, growing interest is directed toward mild hyperthermia as a localized, minimally invasive trigger for OA joints, given its capacity to upregulate protective heat-shock responses in chondrocytes and its emerging role as a stimulus for triggered release in IA drug delivery systems. Within this context, the use of 3D printing as a fabrication technique capable of generating 3D geometries of variable complexity and resolution, suitable for both implantable (macroscale) and injectable (microscale) formats, and able to exploit UCST thermoresponsive behavior to promote therapeutic effects, such as joint lubrication mediated by polymer composition, remains largely unexplored. This work explores the feasibility of developing a thermoresponsive hyaluronic acid (HA), chosen as one of the most widely used components in OA treatment, grafted with zwitterionic moieties, processable via multiscale 3D printing techniques. The synthesis of the thermoresponsive polymers was performed via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and carbodiimide chemistry. By tuning the length and composition of the zwitterionic chains, the polymerization parameters were optimized to match the UCST with the desired hyperthermic trigger range, while preserving processability. The resulting thermoresponsive HA was characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties and tested in Digital Light Processing (DLP)-based 3D printing and two-photon polymerization (2PP) process, validating their printability and structural integrity for future intra-articular injectable formats. Overall, this work establishes a zwitterionic-thermoresponsive HA-based platform whose UCST can be tailored to physiologically relevant hyperthermic windows and which is compatible with multiscale additive manufacturing techniques, from macroscale DLP printing to micron-scale two-photon polymerization. Thanks to its composition and thermoresponsive behavior, this platform lays the groundwork for future development of intra-articular constructs capable of providing lubrication and/or hyperthermia-triggered drug release for OA management, to be validated in subsequent functional studies.
I polimeri termoresponsivi rappresentano una promettente classe di materiali per la formulazione di sistemi innovativi destinati ad applicazioni terapeutiche. In particolare, la sintesi di idrogel polimerici con una Temperatura Critica Superiore di Solubilità (Upper Critical Solution Temperature, UCST) modulabile risulta particolarmente interessante per diversi contesti patologici, tra cui le terapie per l'osteoartrite (OA). La terapia dell'osteoartrite è comunemente di tipo palliativo e prevede la somministrazione orale di farmaci antinfiammatori non steroidei (FANS) oppure iniezioni intra-articolari (IA) di corticosteroidi o acido ialuronico (HA). Tuttavia, sebbene tali approcci rappresentino strategie valide per attenuare i sintomi dell'OA, essi non sono in grado di arrestarne o invertirne la progressione e sono generalmente associati a effetti collaterali, quali problemi cardiovascolari, danni renali o emorragie interne dovuti alla prolungata esposizione sistemica ai FANS. Gran parte di queste complicanze e della limitata efficacia terapeutica può essere attribuita all'assenza di una strategia efficace che consenta di ridurre l'esposizione sistemica mantenendo al contempo una concentrazione del farmaco sufficientemente elevata nel sito di interesse, nonché alla natura intrinsecamente non strutturata delle formulazioni convenzionali, incapaci di riprodurre la geometria del difetto cartilagineo o di fornire un supporto localizzato e conforme alla lesione. In questo contesto, la manifattura additiva è sempre più studiata come strategia di fabbricazione per sostituti cartilaginei e osteocondrali, grazie alla sua capacità di produrre strutture geometricamente complesse con elevata risoluzione e tempi di produzione ridotti. Parallelamente, cresce l'interesse verso l'ipertermia lieve come stimolo localizzato e minimamente invasivo per le articolazioni affette da OA, in virtù della sua capacità di indurre l'espressione di proteine da shock termico (heat-shock proteins) con effetto protettivo nei condrociti e del suo ruolo emergente quale stimolo per il rilascio controllato di farmaci nei sistemi di somministrazione intra-articolare. In questo scenario, l'impiego della stampa 3D come tecnica di fabbricazione in grado di generare geometrie tridimensionali di complessità e risoluzione variabili, adatte sia a dispositivi impiantabili (macroscala) sia a formulazioni iniettabili (microscala), e capace di sfruttare il comportamento termoresponsivo UCST per promuovere effetti terapeutici, come la lubrificazione articolare mediata dalla composizione polimerica, rimane ancora largamente inesplorato. Il presente lavoro esplora la fattibilità dello sviluppo di un acido ialuronico (HA) termoresponsivo, scelto in quanto uno dei componenti maggiormente impiegati nel trattamento dell'OA, funzionalizzato mediante l'innesto di gruppi zwitterionici e processabile mediante tecniche di stampa 3D multiscala. La sintesi dei polimeri termoresponsivi è stata effettuata mediante polimerizzazione RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer) e chimica dei carbodiimmidi. Modulando la lunghezza e la composizione delle catene zwitterioniche, i parametri di polimerizzazione sono stati ottimizzati per far coincidere la UCST con l'intervallo di temperatura desiderato per l'attivazione mediante ipertermia, preservando al contempo la processabilità del materiale. L'acido ialuronico termoresponsivo ottenuto è stato caratterizzato dal punto di vista fisico-chimico e testato mediante stampa 3D basata su Digital Light Processing (DLP) e mediante polimerizzazione a due fotoni (Two-Photon Polymerization, 2PP), dimostrandone la stampabilità e l'integrità strutturale in vista di futuri sistemi iniettabili per applicazioni intra-articolari. Nel complesso, questo lavoro definisce una piattaforma a base di acido ialuronico zwitterionico termoresponsivo, la cui UCST può essere modulata all'interno di finestre di ipertermia fisiologicamente rilevanti e che risulta compatibile con tecniche di manifattura additiva multiscala, dalla stampa DLP su macroscala fino alla polimerizzazione a due fotoni su scala micrometrica. Grazie alla sua composizione e al suo comportamento termoresponsivo, questa piattaforma pone le basi per il futuro sviluppo di costrutti intra-articolari in grado di fornire lubrificazione articolare e/o rilascio controllato di farmaci attivato dall'ipertermia per il trattamento dell'osteoartrite, da validare mediante successivi studi funzionali.
Synthesis of UCST thermoresponsive hyaluronic acid-based systems for osteoarthritis applications
VELARDI, DAVIDE
2025/2026
Abstract
Thermoresponsive polymers represent a promising class of materials for the formulation of innovative systems for therapeutic applications. In particular, the synthesis of polymeric hydrogels with tunable Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST) is attractive for different disease scenarios, including osteoarthritis (OA) therapies. Osteoarthritis (OA) therapy is commonly palliative and involves Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), orally administered, or Intra-Articular (IA) injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid (HA). However, although these alternatives are valid strategies to attenuate OA symptoms, they cannot halt or revert its progression, and are generally accompanied by side effects, such as cardiovascular problems, kidney damage, or internal bleeding due to long systemic exposure to NSAIDs. Most of these complications and the lack of effectiveness could be attributed to the absence of a valid strategy to decrease systemic exposure while keeping drug concentration high enough at the site of interest, and to the inherently unstructured nature of conventional formulations, which cannot reproduce the geometry of the cartilage defect or provide localized, defect-conforming support. In this context, additive manufacturing is increasingly investigated as a fabrication strategy for cartilage and osteochondral substitutes, owing to its ability to produce geometrically complex constructs with high resolution and fast fabrication. In parallel, growing interest is directed toward mild hyperthermia as a localized, minimally invasive trigger for OA joints, given its capacity to upregulate protective heat-shock responses in chondrocytes and its emerging role as a stimulus for triggered release in IA drug delivery systems. Within this context, the use of 3D printing as a fabrication technique capable of generating 3D geometries of variable complexity and resolution, suitable for both implantable (macroscale) and injectable (microscale) formats, and able to exploit UCST thermoresponsive behavior to promote therapeutic effects, such as joint lubrication mediated by polymer composition, remains largely unexplored. This work explores the feasibility of developing a thermoresponsive hyaluronic acid (HA), chosen as one of the most widely used components in OA treatment, grafted with zwitterionic moieties, processable via multiscale 3D printing techniques. The synthesis of the thermoresponsive polymers was performed via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and carbodiimide chemistry. By tuning the length and composition of the zwitterionic chains, the polymerization parameters were optimized to match the UCST with the desired hyperthermic trigger range, while preserving processability. The resulting thermoresponsive HA was characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties and tested in Digital Light Processing (DLP)-based 3D printing and two-photon polymerization (2PP) process, validating their printability and structural integrity for future intra-articular injectable formats. Overall, this work establishes a zwitterionic-thermoresponsive HA-based platform whose UCST can be tailored to physiologically relevant hyperthermic windows and which is compatible with multiscale additive manufacturing techniques, from macroscale DLP printing to micron-scale two-photon polymerization. Thanks to its composition and thermoresponsive behavior, this platform lays the groundwork for future development of intra-articular constructs capable of providing lubrication and/or hyperthermia-triggered drug release for OA management, to be validated in subsequent functional studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Velardi_Executive Summary.pdf
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2026_07_Velardi_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261146