Honeycomb-labyrinth seals are used in turbomachinery to reduce leakage and improve rotor stability. However, their complex geometry produces three-dimensional flow patterns that are difficult to evaluate accurately. This thesis investigates different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for analysing the leakage and rotordynamic behaviour of a honeycomb-labyrinth seal. The main objective is to identify a suitable numerical approach that provides reliable results while limiting computational time and cost. The simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent. First, a reduced periodic model of a honeycomb seal with a smooth rotor was developed and compared with reference data from the literature. The model was then modified by adding a Tooth-on-Rotor labyrinth configuration. Different combinations of mesh type, turbulence model and wall treatment were investigated. Hexahedral, tetrahedral and polyhedral meshes were compared using standard and realizable k-epsilon turbulence models and different wall functions. The results showed that the different numerical configurations predicted similar leakage values, but their convergence, computational cost and flow-field representation were significantly different. The tetrahedral mesh required a much larger number of cells without producing better results. The polyhedral mesh was easier to generate, but showed less consistent near-wall behaviour. The structured hexahedral mesh provided the best balance between accuracy, convergence and computational effort. For this mesh, the standard k-epsilon model with standard wall functions was selected. A mesh-independence study identified a model containing approximately 136,000 cells as an appropriate solution for leakage evaluation. Finally, a full-annulus transient CFD model was developed to reproduce rotor-whirl motion using dynamic mesh deformation. This model provides the basis for calculating the rotordynamic coefficients of the seal. Overall, the thesis presents practical guidelines for selecting CFD methods for honeycomb-seal analysis and supports future numerical investigations of turbomachinery sealing systems.
Le tenute a labirinto con superficie a nido d'ape sono utilizzate nelle turbomacchine per ridurre i trafilamenti e migliorare la stabilità del rotore. Tuttavia, la loro geometria complessa genera campi di moto tridimensionali difficili da analizzare accuratamente. Questa tesi studia differenti metodi di Fluidodinamica Computazionale, o Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), per valutare il comportamento fluidodinamico e rotordinamico di una tenuta a labirinto con superficie a nido d'ape. L'obiettivo principale è individuare un approccio numerico capace di fornire risultati affidabili limitando il tempo e il costo computazionale. Le simulazioni sono state eseguite con ANSYS Fluent. Inizialmente, è stato sviluppato un modello periodico ridotto di una tenuta a nido d'ape con rotore liscio, confrontandone i risultati con dati di riferimento disponibili in letteratura. Successivamente, il modello è stato modificato introducendo una configurazione a labirinto Tooth-on-Rotor. Sono state analizzate differenti combinazioni di tipo di mesh, modello di turbolenza e trattamento di parete. In particolare, sono state confrontate mesh esaedriche, tetraedriche e poliedriche utilizzando i modelli k-epsilon standard e realizable e diverse funzioni di parete. I risultati hanno mostrato valori di trafilamento simili per le diverse configurazioni numeriche, ma differenze significative nella convergenza, nel costo computazionale e nella rappresentazione del campo di moto. La mesh tetraedrica ha richiesto un numero di celle molto maggiore senza fornire risultati migliori. La mesh poliedrica è risultata più semplice da generare, ma ha mostrato un comportamento meno uniforme vicino alle pareti. La mesh esaedrica strutturata ha fornito il miglior compromesso tra accuratezza, convergenza e costo computazionale. Per questa mesh sono stati selezionati il modello k-epsilon standard e le funzioni di parete standard. Lo studio di indipendenza dalla mesh ha individuato una griglia di circa 136.000 celle come soluzione adeguata per l'analisi del trafilamento. Infine, è stato sviluppato un modello CFD transitorio ad anello completo per rappresentare il moto di precessione del rotore mediante la deformazione dinamica della mesh. Il modello costituisce la base per il calcolo dei coefficienti rotordinamici della tenuta. Nel complesso, la tesi fornisce indicazioni pratiche per la scelta dei metodi CFD nell'analisi delle tenute a nido d'ape e supporta futuri studi numerici sui sistemi di tenuta delle turbomacchine.
Exploration of CFD methods in the investigation of honeycomb seal performance
KARTAWIJAYA, DION
2025/2026
Abstract
Honeycomb-labyrinth seals are used in turbomachinery to reduce leakage and improve rotor stability. However, their complex geometry produces three-dimensional flow patterns that are difficult to evaluate accurately. This thesis investigates different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for analysing the leakage and rotordynamic behaviour of a honeycomb-labyrinth seal. The main objective is to identify a suitable numerical approach that provides reliable results while limiting computational time and cost. The simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent. First, a reduced periodic model of a honeycomb seal with a smooth rotor was developed and compared with reference data from the literature. The model was then modified by adding a Tooth-on-Rotor labyrinth configuration. Different combinations of mesh type, turbulence model and wall treatment were investigated. Hexahedral, tetrahedral and polyhedral meshes were compared using standard and realizable k-epsilon turbulence models and different wall functions. The results showed that the different numerical configurations predicted similar leakage values, but their convergence, computational cost and flow-field representation were significantly different. The tetrahedral mesh required a much larger number of cells without producing better results. The polyhedral mesh was easier to generate, but showed less consistent near-wall behaviour. The structured hexahedral mesh provided the best balance between accuracy, convergence and computational effort. For this mesh, the standard k-epsilon model with standard wall functions was selected. A mesh-independence study identified a model containing approximately 136,000 cells as an appropriate solution for leakage evaluation. Finally, a full-annulus transient CFD model was developed to reproduce rotor-whirl motion using dynamic mesh deformation. This model provides the basis for calculating the rotordynamic coefficients of the seal. Overall, the thesis presents practical guidelines for selecting CFD methods for honeycomb-seal analysis and supports future numerical investigations of turbomachinery sealing systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261210