In the mid-2000s, major integrated circuit manufacturers found that, due to the level of integration achieved at that time, increasing the clock frequency, as had been done for previous generations, was leading to a prohibitive increase in power density. This phenomenon, also known as the power wall, led manufacturers to concentrate development efforts on alternative techniques to improve the performance of their products, such as multicore processors initially, and more complex architectures like 2.5D and 3D integrated circuits then. The more complex structure of those new kind of integrated circuits made it complicated, as well as necessary, to evaluate their thermal management during the design phase. To assist chip and heat sink designers, during the same period, thermal simulators, which are frameworks capable of emulating the thermal behavior of the chip, and possibly of the heat sink employed, started to emerge. 3D-ICE is a thermal simulator developed by the EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland), which presents several characteristics and functionalities that mark it as one of the exemplary software tools in its category. The way in which it internally models the chip is called Compact Thermal Modeling (CTM) and consists of discretizing the physical system by dividing the volume into a grid of elementary cells. This approach enables the transformation of a system described by partial differential equations (PDEs) into an equivalent system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), thus reducing the computational complexity of the thermal model. In this work, the functionalities of 3D-ICE have been extended: by modifying the way in which the heat spreader, which is the component that is placed between a chip and a heat sink, is handled in the code, it is possible to reduce the number of volumes into which it is subdivided, independently of the chip, leading to a significant reduction in simulation times, up to 75% in the test performed, without any compromise in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, this work introduces the possibility of observing the temperature of the heat spreader cells and allows obtaining the complete three-dimensional thermal map, comprising the chip and the heat spreader, without the need to perform additional configurations.
A metà dei primi anni 2000, i principali produttori di circuiti integrati constatarono che, a causa del livello di integrazione raggiunto allora, aumentare la frequenza di clock, come era stato fatto per le generazioni precedenti, comportava un aumento proibitivo della densità di potenza. Questo fenomeno, denominato power wall, portò i produttori a concentrare lo sviluppo su tecniche alternative per migliorare le prestazioni dei loro prodotti, come i processori multicore, inizialmente, e ad architetture più complesse come i circuiti integrati 2.5D e 3D in seguito. La struttura più complessa dei circuiti integrati così ottenuti rese complicato, nonché necessario, valutare la loro gestione termica durante la fase di design. Per aiutare i progettisti di chip e dissipatori, nello stesso periodo iniziarono ad emergere i simulatori termici, software in grado di emulare il comportamento termico del chip, ed eventualmente del dissipatore impiegato. 3D-ICE è un simulatore termico, sviluppato dall'EPFL (Losanna, Svizzera), che presenta diverse caratteristiche e funzionalità che lo rendono uno dei software esemplari nella sua categoria. Il modo in cui descrive il chip è denominato Compact Thermal Modeling (CTM) e consiste nella discretizzazione del sistema fisico, suddividendo il volume in una griglia di celle elementari. Tale approccio consente di trasformare un problema descritto da equazioni alle derivate parziali (PDE) in un sistema equivalente di equazioni differenziali ordinarie (ODE), riducendo la complessità computazionale del modello termico. In questo lavoro, le funzionalità di 3D-ICE sono state estese: modificando il modo in cui viene gestito nel codice l'heat spreader, ossia il componente che viene posto tra un chip ed un dissipatore, è possibile ridurre il numero di volumi in cui viene suddiviso, indipendentemente dal chip, portando a una riduzione drastica dei tempi di simulazione, fino al 75% nel test effettuato, senza alcun compromesso in termini di accuratezza. Inoltre, questo lavoro introduce la possibilità di osservare la temperatura delle celle dell'heat spreader e permette l'ottenimento dell'intera mappa termica tridimensionale, comprendente chip e heat spreader, senza la necessità di effettuare ulteriori configurazioni.
Detailed and efficient heat spreader thermal modeling in 3D-ICE
CALIANDRO, ARTURO
2025/2026
Abstract
In the mid-2000s, major integrated circuit manufacturers found that, due to the level of integration achieved at that time, increasing the clock frequency, as had been done for previous generations, was leading to a prohibitive increase in power density. This phenomenon, also known as the power wall, led manufacturers to concentrate development efforts on alternative techniques to improve the performance of their products, such as multicore processors initially, and more complex architectures like 2.5D and 3D integrated circuits then. The more complex structure of those new kind of integrated circuits made it complicated, as well as necessary, to evaluate their thermal management during the design phase. To assist chip and heat sink designers, during the same period, thermal simulators, which are frameworks capable of emulating the thermal behavior of the chip, and possibly of the heat sink employed, started to emerge. 3D-ICE is a thermal simulator developed by the EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland), which presents several characteristics and functionalities that mark it as one of the exemplary software tools in its category. The way in which it internally models the chip is called Compact Thermal Modeling (CTM) and consists of discretizing the physical system by dividing the volume into a grid of elementary cells. This approach enables the transformation of a system described by partial differential equations (PDEs) into an equivalent system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), thus reducing the computational complexity of the thermal model. In this work, the functionalities of 3D-ICE have been extended: by modifying the way in which the heat spreader, which is the component that is placed between a chip and a heat sink, is handled in the code, it is possible to reduce the number of volumes into which it is subdivided, independently of the chip, leading to a significant reduction in simulation times, up to 75% in the test performed, without any compromise in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, this work introduces the possibility of observing the temperature of the heat spreader cells and allows obtaining the complete three-dimensional thermal map, comprising the chip and the heat spreader, without the need to perform additional configurations.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261276