This thesis presents the development of an advanced computational framework for the geometric and biomechanical modeling of human ocular tissues. The work is structured into two parallel research parts: the high-fidelity geometric reconstruction of patient-specific corneas and the numerical simulation of physiological ocular growth from the embryonic stage to adulthood. The first part addresses the limitations of the Pentacam topographer system, which fails to map the peripheral cornea. To prepare patient-specific geometries for finite element (FE) simulations, a mathematically coherent transition zone algorithm was developed. By blending experimental elevation data with Zernike polynomial extrapolations, the algorithm eliminates numerical discontinuities, ensuring global C^2 continuity and enabling the generation of optimized 3D volume meshes. The second part introduces a foundational finite growth model to simulate the biomechanical and geometrical evolution of the eye from prenatal stages to adulthood. Implemented in Comsol Multiphysics, the formulation relies on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient (F = F_e * F_g). The simulation replicates two phases: an initial uniform radial expansion, followed by an asymmetric longitudinal stretching driving the emmetropization process. The mechanical response was evaluated by comparing isotropic and anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive laws to assess the role of tissue microstructure. The computational outcomes successfully captured macroscopic development, yielding final axial length and tissue thicknesses in excellent agreement with clinical targets. Stress analyses demonstrated that while uniform expansion remains stress-free, the asymmetric growth phase induces localized residual stresses due to kinematic incompatibilities, independent of intrinsic material anisotropy. Overall, this framework provides a robust baseline for investigating ocular biomechanics and predictive simulations for refractive surgery.
Questa tesi presenta un framework computazionale avanzato per la modellazione geometrica e biomeccanica dei tessuti oculari umani. Il lavoro è diviso in due parti: la ricostruzione geometrica fedele di superfici corneali paziente-specifiche e la simulazione numerica della crescita oculare fisiologica dallo stadio embrionale all'età adulta. La prima parte affronta i limiti del topografo Pentacam, incapace di mappare la cornea periferica. Per preparare le geometrie paziente-specifiche alle simulazioni ad elementi finiti (FE), è stato sviluppato un rigoroso algoritmo di transizione. Unendo i dati sperimentali con le estrapolazioni polinomiali di Zernike, l'algoritmo elimina le discontinuità numeriche, garantendo una continuità C^2 globale e consentendo la generazione di mesh volumetriche 3D ottimizzate. La seconda parte introduce un modello di crescita per simulare l'evoluzione biomeccanica e geometrica dell'occhio dalla fase prenatale a quella adulta. La formulazione si basa sulla decomposizione moltiplicativa del gradiente di deformazione (F = F_e * F_g) ed è implementata in Comsol Multiphysics. Il modello replica due fasi: un'espansione radiale uniforme iniziale, seguita da un allungamento longitudinale asimmetrico che guida l'emmetropizzazione. La risposta meccanica è stata valutata confrontando leggi iperelastiche isotrope e anisotrope per studiare il ruolo della microstruttura. I risultati hanno catturato con successo lo sviluppo macroscopico, fornendo lunghezza assiale e spessori tissutali finali in eccellente accordo con i target clinici. L'analisi degli sforzi dimostra che l'espansione uniforme avviene a stress nullo, mentre la crescita asimmetrica induce sforzi residui localizzati per incompatibilità cinematiche, indipendentemente dall'anisotropia del materiale. Questo framework fornisce una solida base per lo studio della biomeccanica oculare e simulazioni predittive in chirurgia refrattiva.
Towards a multiphysics modeling framework for the human eye
BIANCHINI, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis presents the development of an advanced computational framework for the geometric and biomechanical modeling of human ocular tissues. The work is structured into two parallel research parts: the high-fidelity geometric reconstruction of patient-specific corneas and the numerical simulation of physiological ocular growth from the embryonic stage to adulthood. The first part addresses the limitations of the Pentacam topographer system, which fails to map the peripheral cornea. To prepare patient-specific geometries for finite element (FE) simulations, a mathematically coherent transition zone algorithm was developed. By blending experimental elevation data with Zernike polynomial extrapolations, the algorithm eliminates numerical discontinuities, ensuring global C^2 continuity and enabling the generation of optimized 3D volume meshes. The second part introduces a foundational finite growth model to simulate the biomechanical and geometrical evolution of the eye from prenatal stages to adulthood. Implemented in Comsol Multiphysics, the formulation relies on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient (F = F_e * F_g). The simulation replicates two phases: an initial uniform radial expansion, followed by an asymmetric longitudinal stretching driving the emmetropization process. The mechanical response was evaluated by comparing isotropic and anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive laws to assess the role of tissue microstructure. The computational outcomes successfully captured macroscopic development, yielding final axial length and tissue thicknesses in excellent agreement with clinical targets. Stress analyses demonstrated that while uniform expansion remains stress-free, the asymmetric growth phase induces localized residual stresses due to kinematic incompatibilities, independent of intrinsic material anisotropy. Overall, this framework provides a robust baseline for investigating ocular biomechanics and predictive simulations for refractive surgery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Bianchini_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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2026_07_Bianchini_Executive_summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261282