Molten Salt Fast Reactors (MSFRs) are liquid fuel reactor designs in which the fuel salt acts simultaneously as fuel and coolant. MSFRs require modelling tools able to describe the strong coupling between thermal-hydraulics, neutronics, fuel salt composition and re processing systems. In liquid fuel reactors, the evolution of the salt composition directly affects the neutronic behaviour of the core, while extraction and reinjection processes in troduce additional source and sink terms that may influence the reactor operations. This thesis exploit a coupled OpenFOAM—OpenModelica framework for the analysis of fuel salt reprocessing in MSFRs. This work aims to describe the feedback between fuel salt composition, neutronics and reprocessing-induced extraction and reinjection effects. This modular structure allows the reactor model and the chemical plant model to be developed, coupled and modified independently. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to expand the existing reactor model based on an OpenFOAM multiphysics solver which include thermal-hydraulics, multigroup neutron diffusion, precursor transport and fission product transport. Dedicated transport equa tions for thorium and uranium are implemented and coupled back to neutronics through a new cross section update routine. The updated model takes into account the dependence of uranium and thorium fission and absorption cross sections on local concentrations, in addition to Doppler and salt density feedbacks. Subsequently, the off-line reprocess ing system is modelled by a simplified zero-dimensional OpenModelica model describing the main mass balances of the adopted process. Exported as a Co-Simulation Functional Mock-up Unit, it is coupled with OpenFOAM through FMU4FOAM to exchange inlet and outlet fuel salt concentrations. The second part of the thesis assesses the coupled frame work. Steady state simulations are first performed to provide consistent initial conditions. Then, three classes of operational transients are analysed: a very rapid salt injection with extraction kept on, an interruption of injection during extraction and an interruption of extraction during injection. For the latter two cases, two different variants are considered in order to compare the reactor response under different transient intensities. Overall, this work provides an integrated framework for studying the interaction between MSFR reactor physics and fuel salt reprocessing, highlighting the importance of composition feedback in coupled MSFR analyses.
I Reattori Veloci a Sali Fusi (Molten Salt Fast Reactors, MSFR) sono reattori a com bustibile liquido nei quali il sale combustibile agisce simultaneamente da combustibile e da refrigerante. Gli MSFR richiedono strumenti di modellazione in grado di descri vere il forte accoppiamento tra termoidraulica, neutronica, composizione del sale com bustibile e sistemi di riprocessamento. Nei reattori a combustibile liquido, l’evoluzione della composizione del sale influenza direttamente il comportamento neutronico del noc ciolo, mentre i processi di estrazione e reiniezione introducono termini sorgente e pozzo aggiuntivi che possono influenzare il funzionamento del reattore. Questa tesi utilizza un framework accoppiato OpenFOAM–OpenModelica per l’analisi del riprocessamento del sale combustibile negli MSFR. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è descrivere il feedback tra composizione del sale combustibile, neutronica ed effetti di estrazione e reiniezione in dotti dal riprocessamento. Tale struttura modulare consente di sviluppare, accoppiare e modificare indipendentemente il modello del reattore e il modello dell’impianto chimico. La prima parte della tesi è dedicata all’estensione del modello di reattore esistente, basato su un solver multifisico OpenFOAM che include termoidraulica, diffusione neutronica multigruppo, trasporto dei precursori e trasporto dei prodotti di fissione. Sono state im plementate equazioni di trasporto dedicate per torio e uranio, accoppiate nuovamente alla neutronica tramite una nuova routine di aggiornamento delle sezioni d’urto. Il modello aggiornato tiene conto della dipendenza delle sezioni d’urto di fissione e assorbimento di uranio e torio dalle concentrazioni locali, oltre ai feedback Doppler e di densità del sale. Successivamente, il sistema di riprocessamento offline è modellato mediante un modello zero-dimensionale semplificato in OpenModelica, che descrive i principali bilanci di massa del processo adottato. Esportato come Functional Mock-up Unit di tipo Co-Simulation, esso è accoppiato con OpenFOAM tramite FMU4FOAM per scambiare le concentrazioni del sale combustibile in ingresso e in uscita. La seconda parte della tesi valuta il framework accoppiato. Vengono dapprima eseguite simulazioni a stato stazionario per fornire con dizioni iniziali consistenti. Successivamente, vengono analizzate tre classi di transitori op erativi: un’iniezione molto rapida di sale con estrazione mantenuta attiva, un’interruzione dell’iniezione durante l’estrazione e un’interruzione dell’estrazione durante l’iniezione. Per questi ultimi due casi, vengono considerate due diverse varianti, al fine di confrontare la risposta del reattore in condizioni di diversa intensità del transitorio. Nel complesso, questo lavoro fornisce un framework integrato per lo studio dell’interazione tra la fisica del reattore MSFR e il riprocessamento del sale combustibile, evidenziando l’importanza del feedback di composizione nelle analisi accoppiate degli MSFR.
Implementation of an OpenFOAM-OpenModelica coupling strategy for the multiphysics analysis of fuel salt reprocessing in Molten Salt Fast Reactors
Zanzi, Riccardo Stefano
2025/2026
Abstract
Molten Salt Fast Reactors (MSFRs) are liquid fuel reactor designs in which the fuel salt acts simultaneously as fuel and coolant. MSFRs require modelling tools able to describe the strong coupling between thermal-hydraulics, neutronics, fuel salt composition and re processing systems. In liquid fuel reactors, the evolution of the salt composition directly affects the neutronic behaviour of the core, while extraction and reinjection processes in troduce additional source and sink terms that may influence the reactor operations. This thesis exploit a coupled OpenFOAM—OpenModelica framework for the analysis of fuel salt reprocessing in MSFRs. This work aims to describe the feedback between fuel salt composition, neutronics and reprocessing-induced extraction and reinjection effects. This modular structure allows the reactor model and the chemical plant model to be developed, coupled and modified independently. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to expand the existing reactor model based on an OpenFOAM multiphysics solver which include thermal-hydraulics, multigroup neutron diffusion, precursor transport and fission product transport. Dedicated transport equa tions for thorium and uranium are implemented and coupled back to neutronics through a new cross section update routine. The updated model takes into account the dependence of uranium and thorium fission and absorption cross sections on local concentrations, in addition to Doppler and salt density feedbacks. Subsequently, the off-line reprocess ing system is modelled by a simplified zero-dimensional OpenModelica model describing the main mass balances of the adopted process. Exported as a Co-Simulation Functional Mock-up Unit, it is coupled with OpenFOAM through FMU4FOAM to exchange inlet and outlet fuel salt concentrations. The second part of the thesis assesses the coupled frame work. Steady state simulations are first performed to provide consistent initial conditions. Then, three classes of operational transients are analysed: a very rapid salt injection with extraction kept on, an interruption of injection during extraction and an interruption of extraction during injection. For the latter two cases, two different variants are considered in order to compare the reactor response under different transient intensities. Overall, this work provides an integrated framework for studying the interaction between MSFR reactor physics and fuel salt reprocessing, highlighting the importance of composition feedback in coupled MSFR analyses.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Riccardo_Zanzi.pdf
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2026_07_Riccardo_Zanzi_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261301