Short-term rental (STR) platforms such as Airbnb have reshaped urban housing markets faster than regulation has been able to respond. This thesis examines how the absence of dedicated STR regulation affects housing stock and urban planning in two financially central yet structurally contrasting cities: São Paulo, Brazil, and Milan, Italy. Combining a comparative case-study approach with a replicable, neighborhood-level cluster analysis adapted from Garay-Tamajón et al. (2022), it joins scraped Airbnb listings to official census and registry data across São Paulo’s 96 districts and Milan’s 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale. The study finds that neither country has a dedicated national STR statute and that, in both, the judiciary has advanced ahead of the legislature, converging on the constitutional principle of the social function of property. The cities diverge in institutional maturity: Italy regulates through a layered, multi-level architecture (the national identification code, the flat rate (cedolare secca) regime, and emerging regional models), whereas in Brazil authority is displaced onto condominium assemblies and the courts. Spatially, Airbnb concentrates in central, high-value, professionalized neighborhoods – reinforcing São Paulo’s center–periphery divide and Milan’s touristified historic core – withdrawing dwellings from the long-term market, pushing up rents, and even capturing subsidized housing. The analysis concludes that the disruptive potential of STRs is not intrinsic to the technology but contingent on the design and, above all, the enforcement of local regulation.
Le piattaforme di affitti brevi (STR) come Airbnb hanno trasformato i mercati abitativi urbani più rapidamente di quanto la regolamentazione sia riuscita a rispondere. Questa tesi analizza come l’assenza di una regolamentazione specifica degli affitti brevi incida sul patrimonio abitativo e sulla pianificazione urbana in due città finanziariamente centrali ma strutturalmente diverse: San Paolo, in Brasile, e Milano, in Italia. Combinando un approccio comparativo di studio di caso con un’analisi di cluster a livello di quartiere, replicabile e adattata da Garay-Tamajón et al. (2022), associa gli annunci Airbnb estratti tramite scraping ai dati ufficiali censuari e anagrafici nei 96 distretti di San Paolo e negli 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale di Milano. Lo studio rileva che nessuno dei due Paesi dispone di una normativa nazionale specifica sugli affitti brevi e che, in entrambi, la giurisprudenza ha preceduto il legislatore, convergendo sul principio costituzionale della funzione sociale della proprietà. Le due città divergono per maturità istituzionale: l’Italia regola attraverso un’architettura stratificata e multilivello (il Codice Identificativo Nazionale, il regime della cedolare secca e i modelli regionali emergenti), mentre in Brasile l’autorità è demandata alle assemblee condominiali e ai tribunali. Sul piano spaziale, Airbnb si concentra nei quartieri centrali, di alto valore e professionalizzati – rafforzando la divisione centro–periferia di San Paolo e il nucleo storico turistificato di Milano – sottraendo alloggi al mercato di lungo periodo, facendo salire gli affitti e arrivando persino ad appropriarsi dell’edilizia sociale. L’analisi conclude che il potenziale dirompente degli affitti brevi non è intrinseco alla tecnologia, ma dipende dalla progettazione e, soprattutto, dall’applicazione della regolamentazione locale.
Regulatory voids and housing strain: platform short-term rentals in São Paulo and Milan
Rodrigues Brouco, Larissa
2025/2026
Abstract
Short-term rental (STR) platforms such as Airbnb have reshaped urban housing markets faster than regulation has been able to respond. This thesis examines how the absence of dedicated STR regulation affects housing stock and urban planning in two financially central yet structurally contrasting cities: São Paulo, Brazil, and Milan, Italy. Combining a comparative case-study approach with a replicable, neighborhood-level cluster analysis adapted from Garay-Tamajón et al. (2022), it joins scraped Airbnb listings to official census and registry data across São Paulo’s 96 districts and Milan’s 88 Nuclei di Identità Locale. The study finds that neither country has a dedicated national STR statute and that, in both, the judiciary has advanced ahead of the legislature, converging on the constitutional principle of the social function of property. The cities diverge in institutional maturity: Italy regulates through a layered, multi-level architecture (the national identification code, the flat rate (cedolare secca) regime, and emerging regional models), whereas in Brazil authority is displaced onto condominium assemblies and the courts. Spatially, Airbnb concentrates in central, high-value, professionalized neighborhoods – reinforcing São Paulo’s center–periphery divide and Milan’s touristified historic core – withdrawing dwellings from the long-term market, pushing up rents, and even capturing subsidized housing. The analysis concludes that the disruptive potential of STRs is not intrinsic to the technology but contingent on the design and, above all, the enforcement of local regulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261317