Hydrogen peroxide is a promising green alternative to toxic propellants for space propulsion applications. Its exothermic decomposition in the presence of a catalyst can be exploited to generate high-temperature gases that expand in a nozzle in monopropellant engines to generate thrust. Efficient decomposition of high test peroxide typically requires high specific surface area catalysts to promote tortuous flow of the propellant while limiting pressure losses. In this context, 3D-printed catalyst beds offer significant advantages compared to traditional supports such as pellets or standard monoliths. This work investigates the surface treatment of additively manufactured triply periodic minimal surface gyroids through the development of etching and washcoating formulations. A two step chemical etching procedure based on oxalic acid and a commercial etchant is designed and the resulting surface-treated gyroids characterized through SEM observations. A boehmite-based primer deposition method is then applied, taking into account the effects of aging of the dispersion through rheology measurements. Washcoating formulations based on γ-alumina, boehmite, PVA, glycerol, lanthanum nitrate and nitric acid are developed and deposited on the gyroids through a dip-spin coating methodology, investigating the effects of composition and spin coating parameters on the layers. A constant volume batch reactor is used to test the catalytic activity of washcoat samples after impregnation with a potassium permanganate solution. SEM observations show that the etching treatment can effectively increase surface roughness promoting adhesion of the primer. Through the optimization of slurry formulation and coating parameters, uniform and well-adherent washcoats can be obtained, as confirmed by SEM imaging and ultrasound tests. Catalytic decomposition tests demonstrate that the combined use of ceramic 3D-printing and surface modification techniques is a promising approach in the development of innovative monopropellant thrusters.
Il perossido di idrogeno ad alta concentrazione rappresenta una promettente alternativa ai propellenti tossici usati per applicazioni spaziali. La sua decomposizione esotermica in presenza di un catalizzatore può infatti essere sfruttata per generare gas ad alta temperatura, espansi in un ugello per generare spinta. Per garantire una decomposizione efficiente sono necessari catalizzatori con un’alta superficie specifica, che favoriscano un flusso tortuoso del propellente limitando allo stesso tempo le perdite di carico. In questo contesto, i letti catalitici stampati in 3D offrono notevoli vantaggi rispetto ai supporti tradizionali come pellet e monoliti standard. Questa tesi analizza il trattamento superficiale di giroidi attraverso lo sviluppo di procedure per etching e washcoating. È stato progettato un metodo per l’etching chimico in due fasi, basato sull’uso di acido ossalico e di un etchant commerciale. I giroidi trattati sono stati osservati al SEM. È stato inoltre applicato un primer a base di boehmite, considerando gli effetti dell’invecchiamento della dispersione mediante misure reologiche. Diverse formulazioni di washcoating incentrate sull’utilizzo di γ-allumina, boehmite, PVA, glicerolo, nitrato di lantanio e acido nitrico sono state sviluppate e depositate sui giroidi tramite una procedura di dip-spin coating, caratterizzando gli effetti della composizione e dei parametri di spin coating sulle proprietà degli strati ottenuti. L’attività catalitica dei campioni trattati, successivamente all’impregnazione in una soluzione di permanganato di potassio, è stata valutata in un reattore a volume costante. Le osservazioni SEM dimostrano che l’etching aumenta efficacemente la rugosità superficiale, favorendo l’adesione del primer. Con l’ottimizzazione delle formulazioni e dei parametri di deposizione, si possono ottenere washcoat uniformi e ben aderenti, come confermato dalle immagini SEM e dalle prove in ultrasuoni. I test di decomposizione catalitica dimostrano che l’uso combinato di stampa 3D ceramica e tecniche di trattamento superficiale costituisce un approccio promettente per lo sviluppo di propulsori a monopropellente innovativi.
Surface modification of 3D-Printed Alumina Supports for HTP Catalytic decomposition: effects of etching and washcoat formulation
Poli, Chiara
2025/2026
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a promising green alternative to toxic propellants for space propulsion applications. Its exothermic decomposition in the presence of a catalyst can be exploited to generate high-temperature gases that expand in a nozzle in monopropellant engines to generate thrust. Efficient decomposition of high test peroxide typically requires high specific surface area catalysts to promote tortuous flow of the propellant while limiting pressure losses. In this context, 3D-printed catalyst beds offer significant advantages compared to traditional supports such as pellets or standard monoliths. This work investigates the surface treatment of additively manufactured triply periodic minimal surface gyroids through the development of etching and washcoating formulations. A two step chemical etching procedure based on oxalic acid and a commercial etchant is designed and the resulting surface-treated gyroids characterized through SEM observations. A boehmite-based primer deposition method is then applied, taking into account the effects of aging of the dispersion through rheology measurements. Washcoating formulations based on γ-alumina, boehmite, PVA, glycerol, lanthanum nitrate and nitric acid are developed and deposited on the gyroids through a dip-spin coating methodology, investigating the effects of composition and spin coating parameters on the layers. A constant volume batch reactor is used to test the catalytic activity of washcoat samples after impregnation with a potassium permanganate solution. SEM observations show that the etching treatment can effectively increase surface roughness promoting adhesion of the primer. Through the optimization of slurry formulation and coating parameters, uniform and well-adherent washcoats can be obtained, as confirmed by SEM imaging and ultrasound tests. Catalytic decomposition tests demonstrate that the combined use of ceramic 3D-printing and surface modification techniques is a promising approach in the development of innovative monopropellant thrusters.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_Chiara_Poli.pdf
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Executive_Summary_Chiara_Poli.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261322