The development of sustainable active food packaging systems requires bio-based materials able to combine environmental compatibility, processability, and functional performance. Chitosan (CS) is a promising biopolymer for this purpose due to its film-forming ability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and barrier properties. However, conventional CS processing generally requires acidic solubilization, which may leave residual acidic species in the final material and limit compatibility with sensitive biological components. This thesis investigated the feasibility of using acid-free CS as a carrier matrix for viable cultures with a protective effect, intended for active packaging applications. The work focused on optimizing the protocol for incorporating the bacterial blend while preserving both the structural integrity of the CS matrix and the viability of the embedded cultures. A strategy based on revitalized, washed, and tenfold concentrated cells was therefore developed. The main processing steps were assessed to identify the critical factors affecting cell survival. The results showed that the acid-free CS process was not intrinsically detrimental to bacterial survival. However, solvent casting and the related water evaporation emerged as the most critical stage, due to osmotic stress. The use of revitalized and concentrated cells allowed bacterial blends to be incorporated into the acid-free CS matrix while maintaining viable counts compatible with the functional threshold in the gel. In vitro assays further showed that selected CS-based films containing cultures with protective effect improved mold barrier properties, delaying mold development and, in some cases, producing localized inhibition zones. Challenge tests on Provolone cheese highlighted both the potential and the limitations of the proposed bio-based hybrid matrix. Film-coated samples showed an initial protective effect, particularly for selected formulations, but this performance was not maintained during prolonged exposure to conditions favorable to mold growth. The loss of efficacy was mainly associated with material-related factors, including lipid uptake, weakening of film continuity, and the non-optimized nature of dip-coating deposition. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of combining acid-free CS and viable cultures with protective effect for active food packaging applications, while indicating that future work should focus on long-term cell viability, coating optimization, and the interaction between the CS-based material and the cheese matrix.
Lo sviluppo di sistemi di packaging alimentare attivi e sostenibili richiede materiali di origine biologica in grado di combinare compatibilità ambientale, processabilità e prestazioni funzionali. Il chitosano (CS) è un biopolimero promettente grazie alle sue proprietà filmogene, biodegradabilità, biocompatibilità e proprietà di barriera. Tuttavia, i processi convenzionali di solubilizzazione acida del CS possono lasciare residui acidi nel materiale finale e limitarne la compatibilità con componenti biologici sensibili. La presente tesi ha valutato la fattibilità dell’impiego di chitosano acid-free come matrice carrier per colture batteriche vive con effetto protettivo per applicazioni di packaging attivo nella conservazione del formaggio. È stato ottimizzato il protocollo di incorporazione del blend batterico, al fine di preservare sia l’integrità della matrice sia la vitalità cellulare. L’impiego di cellule rivitalizzate, lavate e dieci volte concentrate ha permesso di superare le limitazioni legate alla matrice e di garantire la carica necessaria al suo interno. Sono state valutate le criticità delle principali fasi di processo per identificare i fattori critici per la sopravvivenza cellulare. I risultati hanno mostrato che il processo acid-free non è intrinsecamente dannoso. Tuttavia, il solvent casting e la conseguente evaporazione dell’acqua rappresentano la fase più critica del processo, in quanto causano stress osmotico. L’impiego di cellule concentrate ha permesso di ottenere cariche compatibili con la soglia funzionale all’interno del gel. I test in vitro hanno evidenziato che alcune formulazioni di film funzionale migliorano le proprietà barriera nei confronti delle muffe, ritardandone lo sviluppo e, in alcuni casi, generando zone di inibizione. I challenge test su formaggio Provolone hanno mostrato un effetto protettivo iniziale, non mantenuto durante l’intero periodo di incubazione. La perdita di efficacia è risultata associata principalmente a fattori materiali, tra cui assorbimento di lipidi, riduzione della continuità del film e limiti del processo di rivestimento. Nel complesso, lo studio dimostra la fattibilità dell’integrazione tra chitosano acid-free e colture batteriche protettive per packaging alimentare attivo, evidenziando la necessità di ulteriori ottimizzazioni delle prestazioni a lungo termine e delle interazioni materiale-matrice alimentare.
Inoculation of cultures with protective effect for acid-free chitosan-based functional packaging
PINI, CATERINA MARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The development of sustainable active food packaging systems requires bio-based materials able to combine environmental compatibility, processability, and functional performance. Chitosan (CS) is a promising biopolymer for this purpose due to its film-forming ability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and barrier properties. However, conventional CS processing generally requires acidic solubilization, which may leave residual acidic species in the final material and limit compatibility with sensitive biological components. This thesis investigated the feasibility of using acid-free CS as a carrier matrix for viable cultures with a protective effect, intended for active packaging applications. The work focused on optimizing the protocol for incorporating the bacterial blend while preserving both the structural integrity of the CS matrix and the viability of the embedded cultures. A strategy based on revitalized, washed, and tenfold concentrated cells was therefore developed. The main processing steps were assessed to identify the critical factors affecting cell survival. The results showed that the acid-free CS process was not intrinsically detrimental to bacterial survival. However, solvent casting and the related water evaporation emerged as the most critical stage, due to osmotic stress. The use of revitalized and concentrated cells allowed bacterial blends to be incorporated into the acid-free CS matrix while maintaining viable counts compatible with the functional threshold in the gel. In vitro assays further showed that selected CS-based films containing cultures with protective effect improved mold barrier properties, delaying mold development and, in some cases, producing localized inhibition zones. Challenge tests on Provolone cheese highlighted both the potential and the limitations of the proposed bio-based hybrid matrix. Film-coated samples showed an initial protective effect, particularly for selected formulations, but this performance was not maintained during prolonged exposure to conditions favorable to mold growth. The loss of efficacy was mainly associated with material-related factors, including lipid uptake, weakening of film continuity, and the non-optimized nature of dip-coating deposition. Overall, the study demonstrated the feasibility of combining acid-free CS and viable cultures with protective effect for active food packaging applications, while indicating that future work should focus on long-term cell viability, coating optimization, and the interaction between the CS-based material and the cheese matrix.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261403