In recent years, the interest in lunar exploration has grown substantially, with space agencies and private companies showing increasing attention to the Moon, viewing it as the first critical step towards Mars and deeper Solar System missions. As the number and complexity of lunar operations increase, one major challenge is building a communications infrastructure that is reliable, scalable, and not tied to a single mission. To meet this need, the European Space Agency (ESA) is developing Moonlight, an initiative aimed at building a dedicated lunar constellation to provide communication relay services together with GNSS-like positioning and timing. This research, developed within the Moonlight framework, investigates a communication architecture where a relay satellite works as a network node, forwarding data between Earth and users on the Moon (such as landers, rovers, satellites, etc) or between two lunar assets. In particular, the study focuses on the proximity link between the relay and the end user, since it is typically the most critical part of the end-to-end system. A preliminary feasibility and performance analysis is carried out through simulations based on representative realistic use-case scenarios, involving users of different sizes and located in different lunar regions. Through these concrete examples, the study provides a general overview of the achievable data volumes and link availability that this architecture could support. Results show that relay services are particularly effective for supporting regions with limited or no direct line-of-sight to Earth, such as the Moon's South Pole or far side. In addition, relays turn out to be especially beneficial for smaller missions, where size, power, and operational constraints make Direct-to-Earth links more difficult.
Negli ultimi anni, l’interesse verso l’esplorazione lunare è cresciuto esponenzialmente sia da parte delle agenzie che da parte delle aziende private. La Luna, infatti, è vista come il primo passo fondamentale verso Marte e il resto del Sistema Solare. Con l’aumentare delle missioni lunari, sia in numero che in complessità, una delle principali sfide diventa la realizzazione di un’ infrastruttura di comunicazione affidabile, scalabile e non vincolata ad una singola missione. Per rispondere a questa esigenza, l’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA) ha lanciato il programma Moonlight, un’ iniziativa per creare una costellazione di satelliti in orbita attorno alla Luna, progettata per fornire servizi di comunicazione e navigazione avanzati, simili a quelli dei sistemi GNSS. Questo lavoro, sviluppato nell’ambito del programma Moonlight, analizza un’ architettura di comunicazione in cui un satellite relay opera come nodo di rete, inoltrando dati tra la Terra e utenti sulla Luna (come lander, rover, satelliti, ecc), oppure tra due utenti lunari. In particolare, lo studio si concentra sul collegamento di prossimità tra il relay e l’utente finale, poiché esso rappresenta generalmente la parte più critica dell’intero sistema end-to-end. Attraverso simulazioni basate su alcuni utenti rappresentativi di casi reali, con dimensioni diverse e collocati in differenti regioni lunari, è stata condotta un’analisi preliminare volta a valutare la fattibilità dei collegamenti e stimarne le prestazioni. I risultati mostrano che i servizi di relay sono particolarmente efficaci nel supportare regioni lunari in cui il collegamento diretto con la Terra è limitato o non disponibile, come il Polo Sud o la faccia nascosta della Luna. Inoltre, l’impiego di relay si è rivelato particolarmente vantaggioso per utenti di piccole dimensioni, poiché, a causa delle loro risorse limitate, la realizzazione di collegamenti diretti con la Terra è più difficile.
Analysis and performance assessment of lunar relay communication satellites for the ESA Moonlight programme
Aiani, Sarah
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in lunar exploration has grown substantially, with space agencies and private companies showing increasing attention to the Moon, viewing it as the first critical step towards Mars and deeper Solar System missions. As the number and complexity of lunar operations increase, one major challenge is building a communications infrastructure that is reliable, scalable, and not tied to a single mission. To meet this need, the European Space Agency (ESA) is developing Moonlight, an initiative aimed at building a dedicated lunar constellation to provide communication relay services together with GNSS-like positioning and timing. This research, developed within the Moonlight framework, investigates a communication architecture where a relay satellite works as a network node, forwarding data between Earth and users on the Moon (such as landers, rovers, satellites, etc) or between two lunar assets. In particular, the study focuses on the proximity link between the relay and the end user, since it is typically the most critical part of the end-to-end system. A preliminary feasibility and performance analysis is carried out through simulations based on representative realistic use-case scenarios, involving users of different sizes and located in different lunar regions. Through these concrete examples, the study provides a general overview of the achievable data volumes and link availability that this architecture could support. Results show that relay services are particularly effective for supporting regions with limited or no direct line-of-sight to Earth, such as the Moon's South Pole or far side. In addition, relays turn out to be especially beneficial for smaller missions, where size, power, and operational constraints make Direct-to-Earth links more difficult.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2026_07_Aiani_Executive_Summary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Executive Summary
Dimensione
2.92 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.92 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2026_07_Aiani_Thesis.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Thesis
Dimensione
21.03 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
21.03 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261499