Mediterranean cities are increasingly affected by the Urban Heat Island phenomenon, where dense built environments and limited vegetation amplify local temperatures and constrain ecological resilience and long-term climate adaptation (Reis & Lopes, 2019). Within this context, this thesis investigates how Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) can support climate-responsive strategies for Mediterranean cities. The initial comparative research on NBS applications in Mediterranean cities and the associated case study analysis were conducted collaboratively with Elif Merve Türköz, providing a shared foundation on how different urban contexts address urban heat island effects through nature-based interventions. Building on this common groundwork, the present thesis develops a multi-scalar cooling and ecological framework for Lisbon, with an applied focus on Monsanto Forest Park. The project conceptualises Lisbon, Monsanto Forest Park and Talhão 4 as parts of a single climatic-ecological system operating at multiple resolutions, in which local interventions and metropolitan structures reinforce each other. Within this system, Talhão 4 functions as a demonstrative intervention area rather than a stand-alone site design and is used to test how phased forest renaturalisation, native multi-layer Mediterranean vegetation, hydrological reactivation through water retention and infiltration, and fire-adaptive forest structuring could perform in a plantation-dominated urban forest context (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa [CML], 2020). Based on climatic, hydrological, ecological and structural wildfire diagnostics, the thesis develops spatially explicit, literature-informed projections for local Urban Heat Island mitigation, microclimatic cooling, ecological value, habitat complexity and connectivity, and structural wildfire vulnerability (CML, 2012, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). The results indicate that, under favourable implementation and long-term adaptive management, such blue-green forest interventions can enhance ecological value and habitat-supporting conditions in transformed areas, improve ecological connectivity within the Monsanto system, contribute to local Urban Heat Island mitigation and reduce structural wildfire vulnerability associated with vegetation and fuel structure (CML, 2012, 2019, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). The thesis therefore proposes an integrated and potentially transferable blue-green forest approach for Mediterranean urban-forest landscapes, in which Talhão 4 is treated as a demonstrative intervention area within a broader system and projected outcomes are understood as literature-informed estimates rather than fixed predictions. The proposed interventions are also developed in alignment with Lisbon’s existing municipal planning and management framework, particularly the Plano de Gestão Florestal do Parque Florestal de Monsanto (CML, 2020) and the city’s biodiversity and ecological-structure strategies (CML, 2012), rather than as arbitrary or detached design proposals.
Le città mediterranee sono sempre più colpite dal fenomeno dell’Isola di Calore Urbana, in cui l’elevata densità edilizia e la limitata presenza di vegetazione amplificano le temperature locali e limitano la resilienza ecologica e la capacità di adattamento climatico nel lungo periodo (Reis & Lopes, 2019). In questo contesto, la tesi indaga in che modo le Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) possano sostenere strategie climate‑responsive per le città mediterranee. La ricerca comparativa iniziale sulle applicazioni di NBS nelle città mediterranee, insieme all’analisi dei casi studio, è stata condotta in collaborazione con Elif Merve Türköz, fornendo una base condivisa su come diversi contesti urbani affrontino gli effetti dell’isola di calore urbana attraverso interventi basati sulla natura. A partire da questo terreno comune, la tesi sviluppa un quadro di raffrescamento e supporto ecologico multi‑scalare per Lisbona, con un focus applicato sul Parco Forestale di Monsanto. Il progetto concettualizza Lisbona, il Parco Forestale di Monsanto e il Talhão 4 come parti di un unico sistema climatico‑ecologico che opera a diverse scale, in cui le azioni locali e le strutture metropolitane si rafforzano reciprocamente. All’interno di questo sistema, il Talhão 4 funziona come area di intervento dimostrativa, piuttosto che come semplice progetto di sito isolato, ed è utilizzato per testare come una rinaturalizzazione forestale per fasi, la vegetazione mediterranea nativa multi‑strato, la riattivazione idrologica tramite ritenzione e infiltrazione dell’acqua e una struttura forestale adattata al fuoco possano operare in un contesto di foresta urbana dominata da impianti artificiali (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa [CML], 2020). Sulla base di diagnosi climatiche, idrologiche, ecologiche e di vulnerabilità strutturale agli incendi, la tesi sviluppa proiezioni spazialmente esplicite, informate dalla letteratura, per la mitigazione locale dell’Isola di Calore Urbana, il raffrescamento microclimatico, il valore ecologico, la complessità e la connettività degli habitat e la vulnerabilità strutturale agli incendi boschivi (CML, 2012, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). I risultati indicano che, in condizioni favorevoli di implementazione e di gestione adattativa di lungo periodo, tali interventi forestali blue‑green possono aumentare il valore ecologico e le condizioni di supporto dell’habitat nelle aree trasformate, migliorare la connettività ecologica all’interno del sistema di Monsanto, contribuire alla mitigazione locale dell’Isola di Calore Urbana e ridurre la vulnerabilità strutturale agli incendi associata alla vegetazione e alla struttura dei combustibili (CML, 2012, 2019, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). La tesi propone quindi un approccio forestale blue‑green integrato e potenzialmente trasferibile per i paesaggi di foresta urbana mediterranea, in cui il Talhão 4 è trattato come area di intervento dimostrativa all’interno di un sistema più ampio, e in cui i risultati sono intesi come stime informate dalla letteratura più che come previsioni fisse. Le azioni proposte sono inoltre sviluppate in coerenza con il quadro esistente di pianificazione e gestione municipale di Lisbona, in particolare con il Plano de Gestão Florestal do Parque Florestal de Monsanto (CML, 2020) e con le strategie comunali per la biodiversità e la struttura ecologica (CML, 2012), e non come proposte progettuali arbitrarie o scollegate.
Mitigating urban heat island effect in mediterranean cities through nature - base solutions : transforming Lisbon’s urban forest into a climate–ecological cooling landscape: a multi‑scalar nature‑based solutions strategy in Monsanto Forest Park
Kunter, Selinay Selina
2025/2026
Abstract
Mediterranean cities are increasingly affected by the Urban Heat Island phenomenon, where dense built environments and limited vegetation amplify local temperatures and constrain ecological resilience and long-term climate adaptation (Reis & Lopes, 2019). Within this context, this thesis investigates how Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) can support climate-responsive strategies for Mediterranean cities. The initial comparative research on NBS applications in Mediterranean cities and the associated case study analysis were conducted collaboratively with Elif Merve Türköz, providing a shared foundation on how different urban contexts address urban heat island effects through nature-based interventions. Building on this common groundwork, the present thesis develops a multi-scalar cooling and ecological framework for Lisbon, with an applied focus on Monsanto Forest Park. The project conceptualises Lisbon, Monsanto Forest Park and Talhão 4 as parts of a single climatic-ecological system operating at multiple resolutions, in which local interventions and metropolitan structures reinforce each other. Within this system, Talhão 4 functions as a demonstrative intervention area rather than a stand-alone site design and is used to test how phased forest renaturalisation, native multi-layer Mediterranean vegetation, hydrological reactivation through water retention and infiltration, and fire-adaptive forest structuring could perform in a plantation-dominated urban forest context (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa [CML], 2020). Based on climatic, hydrological, ecological and structural wildfire diagnostics, the thesis develops spatially explicit, literature-informed projections for local Urban Heat Island mitigation, microclimatic cooling, ecological value, habitat complexity and connectivity, and structural wildfire vulnerability (CML, 2012, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). The results indicate that, under favourable implementation and long-term adaptive management, such blue-green forest interventions can enhance ecological value and habitat-supporting conditions in transformed areas, improve ecological connectivity within the Monsanto system, contribute to local Urban Heat Island mitigation and reduce structural wildfire vulnerability associated with vegetation and fuel structure (CML, 2012, 2019, 2020; Reis & Lopes, 2019). The thesis therefore proposes an integrated and potentially transferable blue-green forest approach for Mediterranean urban-forest landscapes, in which Talhão 4 is treated as a demonstrative intervention area within a broader system and projected outcomes are understood as literature-informed estimates rather than fixed predictions. The proposed interventions are also developed in alignment with Lisbon’s existing municipal planning and management framework, particularly the Plano de Gestão Florestal do Parque Florestal de Monsanto (CML, 2020) and the city’s biodiversity and ecological-structure strategies (CML, 2012), rather than as arbitrary or detached design proposals.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261585