Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common hematological malignancy in Western countries and, despite the therapeutic advances achieved in recent years, it remains an incurable disease. Disease progression is strongly influenced by the interactions between leukemic cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the in vitro experimental models currently available are not able to reproduce the communication between the main biological districts involved in the TME. The aim of this thesis was to develop a compartmentalized 3D model to mimic the organization of the TME in CLL by reproducing the interactions between the bone marrow (BM) and lymph node (LN) through the peripheral blood (PB). To this end, a platform consisting of two compartments, representative of the BM and LN, connected by a polyurethane tube mimicking the PB, was designed. In parallel, the printing process of a GelMA–alginate–methylcellulose blend was optimized to obtain printable 3D models suitable for mimicking the involved tissues and for integration into the compartmentalized platform. Rheological characterization of the blend and optimization of the printing process enabled the development of a printable material that maintained the designed geometry and exhibited properties compatible with the bioprinting process. Preliminary validation of the platform confirmed the cor- rect communication between the compartments, the hydraulic sealing of the system, and the stability of the assembly and of the connection between the two chambers. Finally, preliminary in vitro biological analyses, performed on bioprinted blend-based constructs containing L929 murine fibroblasts, demonstrated the maintenance of cell metabolic activity during the first days of culture, indicating the compatibility of the bioprinting process with short-term cell viability. This work led to the development of a promising compartmentalized 3D platform for future in vitro studies on CLL. The developed model provides a basis for the future integration of representative cell populations of the BM, LN and PB compartments, with the aim of developing a more biologically representative model of the TME, allowing the investigation of the cellular interactions involved in disease progression and treatment response.
La leucemia linfatica cronica (CLL) è la neoplasia ematologica più diffusa nei paesi occidentali e, nonostante i progressi terapeutici degli ultimi anni, rimane una patologia tuttora incurabile. L’evoluzione della malattia è fortemente influenzata dalle interazioni tra le cellule leucemiche e il microambiente tumorale (TME). I modelli sperimentali in vitro, ad oggi sviluppati, non sono tuttavia in grado di riprodurre la comunicazione tra i principali distretti biologici coinvolti nel TME. Il presente lavoro di tesi si pone come obiettivo lo sviluppo di un modello 3D compartimentalizzato per mimare l’organizzazione del TME nella CLL, riproducendo le interazioni tra midollo osseo (BM) e linfonodi (LN), attraverso il circolo sanguigno (PB). A tal fine è stata progettata una struttura costituita da due compartimenti, rappresentativi di BM e LN, posti in comunicazione attraverso un tubo in poliuretano che mima il PB. Parallelamente, è stato ottimizzato il processo di stampa di un blend, a base di GelMA, alginato e metilcellulosa, al fine di ottenere modelli 3D stampabili idonei a mimare i tessuti coinvolti e all’integrazione nella struttura compartimentalizzata. La caratterizzazione reologica del blend e del processo di stampa ha permesso di ottenere un materiale stampabile che mantenesse la geometria progettata e che possedesse proprietà compatibili con il processo di bioprinting. La validazione preliminare della struttura ha confermato la corretta comunicazione tra i compartimenti, la tenuta idraulica del sistema e la stabilità dell’assemblaggio e del collegamento tra le due camere. Infine, le prove biologiche preliminari, condotte in vitro incapsulando nell’ink fibroblasti murini L929, hanno evidenziato il mantenimento dell’attività metabolica cellulare nei primi giorni di coltura, indicando la compatibilità del processo di bioprinting con la vitalità cellulare nel breve periodo. Il lavoro ha portato allo sviluppo di una piattaforma 3D compartimentalizzata promettente per futuri studi in vitro sulla CLL. Il modello sviluppato costituisce una base per una futura integrazione di cellule caratteristiche dei compartimenti di BM, LN e PB, con l’obiettivo di realizzare un modello biologicamente più rappresentativo del TME permettendo di studiare le interazioni cellulari coinvolte nella progressione della malattia e nella risposta ai trattamenti.
Sviluppo di un modello 3D compartimentalizzato per lo studio in vitro della Leucemia Linfatica Cronica
Sironi, Silvia
2025/2026
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common hematological malignancy in Western countries and, despite the therapeutic advances achieved in recent years, it remains an incurable disease. Disease progression is strongly influenced by the interactions between leukemic cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the in vitro experimental models currently available are not able to reproduce the communication between the main biological districts involved in the TME. The aim of this thesis was to develop a compartmentalized 3D model to mimic the organization of the TME in CLL by reproducing the interactions between the bone marrow (BM) and lymph node (LN) through the peripheral blood (PB). To this end, a platform consisting of two compartments, representative of the BM and LN, connected by a polyurethane tube mimicking the PB, was designed. In parallel, the printing process of a GelMA–alginate–methylcellulose blend was optimized to obtain printable 3D models suitable for mimicking the involved tissues and for integration into the compartmentalized platform. Rheological characterization of the blend and optimization of the printing process enabled the development of a printable material that maintained the designed geometry and exhibited properties compatible with the bioprinting process. Preliminary validation of the platform confirmed the cor- rect communication between the compartments, the hydraulic sealing of the system, and the stability of the assembly and of the connection between the two chambers. Finally, preliminary in vitro biological analyses, performed on bioprinted blend-based constructs containing L929 murine fibroblasts, demonstrated the maintenance of cell metabolic activity during the first days of culture, indicating the compatibility of the bioprinting process with short-term cell viability. This work led to the development of a promising compartmentalized 3D platform for future in vitro studies on CLL. The developed model provides a basis for the future integration of representative cell populations of the BM, LN and PB compartments, with the aim of developing a more biologically representative model of the TME, allowing the investigation of the cellular interactions involved in disease progression and treatment response.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_07_Sironi_Silvia_Tesi.pdf
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2026_07_Sironi_Silvia_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/261621