Polymer mixing processes are widely spread industrial technologies aimed at obtaining desired chemical and physical characteristics of the final polymeric product for applications ranging from automotive components to medical devices. These processes involve non-Newtonian polymeric materials and occur within complex machinery like extruders or batch mixers, equipped with one or more rotating screws that ensure uniform distribution and dispersion of polymers, fillers, pigments and additives. This PhD thesis develops advanced numerical methods for free-surface simulations of polymer mixing processes, integrating a Volume of Fluid (VOF) interface-capturing approach with a non-conforming Immersed Boundary (IB) method (VOF-IB) to model two-phase flows of highly viscous polymer melts and air within partially filled complex, rotating geometries. All computational tools are implemented based on the Finite Volume (FV) OpenFOAM C++ open-source library. The VOF-IB solver is capable of handling moving contact lines where the interface intersects non-conforming boundaries representing mixer screws and rotors. Additionally, Navier-slip boundary conditions are developed to mitigate the contact-line paradox, by introducing a slip velocity proportional to the wall shear stress, to be applied on either conforming or immersed boundaries, possibly curved and rotating. Such conditions are successfully validated against available analytical solutions. A severe limitation of standard OpenFOAM VOF solvers, including the newly implemented VOF-IB method, concerns the numerical instabilities arising when dealing with strong viscosity contrasts, as in the case of polymer melts and air, preventing to obtain reliable solutions within reasonable computational times. Therefore, a novel block-coupled scheme is introduced, providing a fully implicit viscous diffusion treatment in the momentum equation, that couples the three velocity components allowing to relax time-step stability constraints. Robust block-coupled (BC) variants of the two-phase solvers are obtained, denoted as BC-VOF for the conforming version and BC-VOF-IB for the immersed boundary one. The new block-coupled framework is first assessed through comparisons with analytical solutions and, afterwards, with a simple two-phase injection molding benchmark case involving a highly viscous material, comparing the enhanced performance, in terms of accuracy and computational costs, with respect to the segregated VOF solvers. The BC-VOF-IB solver is then employed for relevant industrial applications, with realistic geometries and flow regimes, simulating free-surface flows inside continuous mixing devices, specifically using single-screw extruder (SSE) and twin-screw extruder (TSE) geometries, as well as batch mixing devices, such as the Banbury mixer. Simulations provide reliable predictions of velocity and pressure fields that are in accordance with physical expectations, but due to the lack of experimental data, a proper quantitative validation has not been carried out yet. Nonetheless, while further developments are still required, especially concerning the inclusion of temperature dependence, the developed tools represent a significant step toward bridging the gap between academic CFD advancements and the practical needs of industrial polymer processing.
I processi di mixing polimerico sono delle tecnologie industriali ampiamente diffuse, finalizzate a ottenere particolari caratteristiche chimiche e fisiche del prodotto finale, con applicazioni che spaziano dalla produzione di componenti automobilistici ai dispositivi medici. Questi processi coinvolgono materiali polimerici non-Newtoniani e avvengono all’interno di macchinari complessi, come estrusori o miscelatori batch, dotati di una o più viti rotanti che garantiscono una distribuzione e dispersione uniformi di polimeri, cariche, pigmenti e additivi. Questa tesi di dottorato sviluppa metodi numerici avanzati per la simulazione di flussi a superficie libera nei processi di mixing polimerico, integrando un approccio Volume of Fluid (VOF) interface capturing con un metodo Immersed Boundary (IB) non conforme (VOF-IB), al fine di modellare flussi bifase di composti polimerici altamente viscosi in presenza di aria all’interno di geometrie complesse, rotanti e parzialmente piene di materiale. Tutti gli strumenti computazionali sono stati implementati a partire dal software OpenFOAM, una libreria C++ basata sul metodo dei Volumi Finiti. Il solutore VOF-IB è in grado di gestire linee di contatto in movimento in cui l’interfaccia bifase interseca le superfici non conformi di viti e rotori. Inoltre, sono state sviluppate delle condizioni al contorno di tipo Navier-slip per mitigare il paradosso della linea di contatto, introducendo una velocità di scorrimento proporzionale allo sforzo di taglio alla parete, applicabile sia su superfici conformi che non-conformi, possibilmente curve e in rotazione. Tali condizioni sono validate con successo rispetto a soluzioni analitiche note. Una limitazione significativa dei solutori VOF standard di OpenFOAM, incluso il metodo VOF-IB qui implementato, riguarda l'insorgenza di instabilità numeriche quando si è in presenza di forti contrasti di viscosità, come nel caso di composti polimerici e aria, impedendo di ottenere soluzioni affidabili in tempi computazionali ragionevoli. A tal fine, viene introdotto un nuovo schema block-coupled, che fornisce un trattamento implicito del termine di diffusione viscosa nell’equazione del momento, accoppiando le tre componenti della velocità e consentendo di rilassare i vincoli di stabilità sul passo temporale. Si ottengono così varianti robuste block-coupled (BC) dei solutori bifase, denominate BC-VOF per la versione conforme e BC-VOF-IB per quella che sfrutta l'approccio immersed boundary. Il nuovo approccio block-coupled è inizialmente validato tramite confronti con soluzioni analitiche e, successivamente, mediante un caso benchmark di stampaggio a iniezione per un materiale altamente viscoso, valutando il miglioramento di prestazioni, in termini di accuratezza e costi computazionali, rispetto ai solutori VOF segregati. Il solutore BC-VOF-IB viene quindi applicato a casi industrialmente rilevanti, caratterizzati da geometrie complesse e regimi operativi realistici, simulando flussi a superficie libera all’interno di dispositivi di miscelazione in continuo, in particolare utilizzando geometrie di estrusori monovite (SSE) e bivite (TSE), nonché dispositivi che lavorano a batch, come il mixer Banbury. Le simulazioni forniscono previsioni affidabili dei campi di velocità e pressione, coerenti con il comportamento fisico atteso; tuttavia, a causa della limitata disponibilità di dati sperimentali, non è stato ancora possibile effettuare una validazione quantitativa completa del modello. Sebbene siano necessari ulteriori sviluppi, in particolare per quanto riguarda l’inclusione della dipendenza dalla temperatura, gli strumenti sviluppati rappresentano un passo significativo verso la riduzione del divario tra i progressi accademici nel campo della fluidodinamica computazionale e le esigenze pratiche dell’industria dei polimeri.
Numerical simulation of free-surface flows in industrial mixing processes
CAPUANO, EMILIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Polymer mixing processes are widely spread industrial technologies aimed at obtaining desired chemical and physical characteristics of the final polymeric product for applications ranging from automotive components to medical devices. These processes involve non-Newtonian polymeric materials and occur within complex machinery like extruders or batch mixers, equipped with one or more rotating screws that ensure uniform distribution and dispersion of polymers, fillers, pigments and additives. This PhD thesis develops advanced numerical methods for free-surface simulations of polymer mixing processes, integrating a Volume of Fluid (VOF) interface-capturing approach with a non-conforming Immersed Boundary (IB) method (VOF-IB) to model two-phase flows of highly viscous polymer melts and air within partially filled complex, rotating geometries. All computational tools are implemented based on the Finite Volume (FV) OpenFOAM C++ open-source library. The VOF-IB solver is capable of handling moving contact lines where the interface intersects non-conforming boundaries representing mixer screws and rotors. Additionally, Navier-slip boundary conditions are developed to mitigate the contact-line paradox, by introducing a slip velocity proportional to the wall shear stress, to be applied on either conforming or immersed boundaries, possibly curved and rotating. Such conditions are successfully validated against available analytical solutions. A severe limitation of standard OpenFOAM VOF solvers, including the newly implemented VOF-IB method, concerns the numerical instabilities arising when dealing with strong viscosity contrasts, as in the case of polymer melts and air, preventing to obtain reliable solutions within reasonable computational times. Therefore, a novel block-coupled scheme is introduced, providing a fully implicit viscous diffusion treatment in the momentum equation, that couples the three velocity components allowing to relax time-step stability constraints. Robust block-coupled (BC) variants of the two-phase solvers are obtained, denoted as BC-VOF for the conforming version and BC-VOF-IB for the immersed boundary one. The new block-coupled framework is first assessed through comparisons with analytical solutions and, afterwards, with a simple two-phase injection molding benchmark case involving a highly viscous material, comparing the enhanced performance, in terms of accuracy and computational costs, with respect to the segregated VOF solvers. The BC-VOF-IB solver is then employed for relevant industrial applications, with realistic geometries and flow regimes, simulating free-surface flows inside continuous mixing devices, specifically using single-screw extruder (SSE) and twin-screw extruder (TSE) geometries, as well as batch mixing devices, such as the Banbury mixer. Simulations provide reliable predictions of velocity and pressure fields that are in accordance with physical expectations, but due to the lack of experimental data, a proper quantitative validation has not been carried out yet. Nonetheless, while further developments are still required, especially concerning the inclusion of temperature dependence, the developed tools represent a significant step toward bridging the gap between academic CFD advancements and the practical needs of industrial polymer processing.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/262458