Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a production method especially developed for the exploitation of oil sands reservoirs. It is one of the opportunities being valuated by Eni, to be applied in a newly discovered field. This technique requires two parallel wells to be drilled: the first and lower one to be the producer and receive the heated and viscosity reduced bitumen, the upper and injector one to force steam into the reservoir. For the steam chamber to develop efficiently and to assure a proper drainage of the reservoir, the two wells have to be parallel and positioned at a precise vertical distance one from the other, typically 5 meters. The instruments available on rigs and normally used to control the direction and deviation of wells are therefore no longer suitable for this kind of application, as the requirements are found to be too strict. On the contrary, Magnetic Ranging Tools can provide an accurate measurement of the relative position of one well with respect to the other, allowing the driller to follow the selected path and meet the said specifications. This thesis offers an introduction to the different production methods available for these particular reservoirs, a discussion of the problems that could be encountered during drilling operations (being the reservoir shallow and the well horizontal) and review of how the well trajectory can be drawn and located on Earth’s surface. It will then be possible to concentrate on the description of the magnetic instruments available on the market, dividing them into two main categories: “active” and “passive” instruments. The first category includes all the devices that permit the driller to induce a magnetic field of known and previously optimized strength and orientation; the instruments listed below the second base their surveys on the sole remnant magnetism of the producer’s casing, possibly magnetized prior running in hole. The comparison between the instruments will cover advantages and disadvantages of each, constructional and operational specifications and will provide useful information on the ease of operation and the different available choices of telemetry and tool deployment.
La tecnologia SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) consiste in un particolare metodo di produzione delle sabbie bituminose in cui si prevede la perforazione di due pozzi paralleli, distanti verticalmente circa 5 metri l’uno dall’altro. È una delle possibili alternative che Eni sta vagliando per lo sviluppo di un nuovo campo. Dal pozzo iniettore, quello sovrastante, si immette vapore nel giacimento, per diminuire la viscosità del bitume e riuscire quindi a portarlo in superficie grazie al pozzo produttore sottostante. Affinché il metodo sia efficace la richiesta di parallelismo deve essere accuratamente rispettata, il che rende impossibile affidarsi ai normali strumenti di controllo della deviazione. Gli strumenti magnetici di controllo della perforazione direzionata, Magnetic Guidance Tools, permettono invece di seguire in modo estremamente preciso la traiettoria progettata in superficie, garantendo che il giacimento sia adeguatamente stimolato. In questo elaborato si presenterà una dovuta introduzione circa le tecnologie di produzione delle sabbie bituminose, i problemi che è possibile incontrare in questo particolare tipo di reservoir durante la perforazione (zona poco profonda e pozzo orizzontale) e i metodi utilizzati per rappresentare le traiettorie di pozzo sulle mappe geografiche. Successivamente ci si dedicherà alle caratteristiche dei vari tipi di strumenti magnetici disponibili sul mercato, che verranno descritti dividendoli nelle categorie “strumenti attivi” e “strumenti passivi”. I primi permettono l’imposizione di un campo magnetico di intensità e direzione arbitrarie, i secondi basano le proprie rilevazioni sul magnetismo residuo dei casing già discesi o sulle connessioni appositamente magnetizzate prima della discesa. Saranno discussi vantaggi e svantaggi di ogni strumento, le caratteristiche costruttive e tecniche, alcuni dettagli utili per la progettazione della sequenza operativa e per la scelta tra le diverse opzioni di: discesa in pozzo, trasmissione delle informazioni e dispositivo utilizzato.
Analisi comparata di tecnologie di controllo della direzionalità applicate a coppie di pozzi paralleli per la produzione di olio pesante
LOSI, CLAUDIA
2010/2011
Abstract
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is a production method especially developed for the exploitation of oil sands reservoirs. It is one of the opportunities being valuated by Eni, to be applied in a newly discovered field. This technique requires two parallel wells to be drilled: the first and lower one to be the producer and receive the heated and viscosity reduced bitumen, the upper and injector one to force steam into the reservoir. For the steam chamber to develop efficiently and to assure a proper drainage of the reservoir, the two wells have to be parallel and positioned at a precise vertical distance one from the other, typically 5 meters. The instruments available on rigs and normally used to control the direction and deviation of wells are therefore no longer suitable for this kind of application, as the requirements are found to be too strict. On the contrary, Magnetic Ranging Tools can provide an accurate measurement of the relative position of one well with respect to the other, allowing the driller to follow the selected path and meet the said specifications. This thesis offers an introduction to the different production methods available for these particular reservoirs, a discussion of the problems that could be encountered during drilling operations (being the reservoir shallow and the well horizontal) and review of how the well trajectory can be drawn and located on Earth’s surface. It will then be possible to concentrate on the description of the magnetic instruments available on the market, dividing them into two main categories: “active” and “passive” instruments. The first category includes all the devices that permit the driller to induce a magnetic field of known and previously optimized strength and orientation; the instruments listed below the second base their surveys on the sole remnant magnetism of the producer’s casing, possibly magnetized prior running in hole. The comparison between the instruments will cover advantages and disadvantages of each, constructional and operational specifications and will provide useful information on the ease of operation and the different available choices of telemetry and tool deployment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/26322