Cultural heritage is understood as a social process that embodies the symbolic elements of communities' ideas and values over time. It serves as a medium for expressing collective identity and negotiating future aspirations, playing a central role in shaping collective memory. In the Arab region, recent and ongoing conflicts have resulted in unprecedented levels of destruction of built cultural heritage, profoundly affecting historic cities and the communities that inhabit them. In parallel, a paradigm shift has emerged in international discourse, positioning heritage as an active instrument in post-conflict recovery, contributing to nation-building, peacebuilding, reconciliation, social cohesion, and sustainable development. Despite this shift, post-conflict policies and practices concerning built heritage remain fragmented and conceptually inconsistent. On the one hand, recovery efforts are constrained by the absence of a shared vision, weak institutional capacity, limited political commitment, inadequate financial mechanisms, and insufficient engagement with local communities. On the other hand, significant shortcomings persist in recovery principles, regulatory frameworks, and technical guidance, particularly in balancing competing heritage values and social priorities. These tensions often result in contradictory reconstruction strategies that shape post-conflict urban environments in ways that may reinforce exclusion, contestation, or social fragmentation. iv This dissertation examines the evolving role of built heritage in post-conflict recovery in the Arab region through a comparative analysis of Mosul, Iraq, and Benghazi, Libya. It investigates how the positioning of built heritage across different phases and dynamics of conflict influences its post-conflict recovery, with particular attention to urban reconstruction narratives. Grounded in critical heritage studies and heritage management scholarship, the research explores the complex interplay between conflict, heritage destruction, and recovery through an in-depth analysis of governance structures, conflict trajectories, and reconstruction strategies. The study applies a Tripartite Analytical Framework encompassing Material–Technical, Socio–Cultural, and Governance–Political dimensions across pre-conflict, conflict, and post-conflict phases. Drawing on empirical data from both case studies, it examines how the destruction of heritage during conflicts reshapes the post-conflict value, meaning, and function of built heritage, and how heritage becomes embedded within broader recovery agendas. By bridging theoretical debates and empirical practice, this research contributes to scholarship on post-conflict urbanism and heritage recovery. The central finding is that post-conflict heritage recovery is a governance-conditioned outcome, advanced through original contributions including the conceptualization of Administrative Erasure, the Second Rupture, the Liminal Window, and Negotiated Authenticity, and operationalized through a governance-contingent four-phase framework for heritage recovery in the Arab region.
Il patrimonio culturale è inteso come un processo sociale che incarna, nel tempo, gli elementi simbolici delle idee e dei valori delle comunità. Esso funge da mezzo per l’espressione dell’identità collettiva e per la negoziazione delle aspirazioni future, svolgendo un ruolo centrale nella costruzione della memoria collettiva. Nella regione araba, i conflitti recenti e tuttora in corso hanno provocato livelli senza precedenti di distruzione del patrimonio culturale costruito, con profonde ripercussioni sulle città storiche e sulle comunità che le abitano. Parallelamente, nel dibattito internazionale si è affermato un cambiamento di paradigma che considera il patrimonio come uno strumento attivo nel recupero post-conflitto, contribuendo alla costruzione della nazione, alla promozione della pace, alla riconciliazione, alla coesione sociale e allo sviluppo sostenibile. Nonostante questo cambiamento, le politiche e le pratiche relative al patrimonio costruito nei contesti post-conflitto rimangono frammentarie e concettualmente incoerenti. Da un lato, gli interventi di recupero sono limitati dall’assenza di una visione condivisa, dalla debolezza delle capacità istituzionali, dal limitato impegno politico, dall’inadeguatezza dei meccanismi finanziari e da un insufficiente coinvolgimento delle comunità locali. Dall’altro lato, persistono significative carenze nei principi di recupero, nei quadri normativi e nelle linee guida tecniche, in particolare per quanto riguarda il bilanciamento tra valori patrimoniali concorrenti e priorità sociali. Tali tensioni danno spesso origine a strategie di ricostruzione contraddittorie che plasmano gli ambienti urbani post-conflitto in modi che possono rafforzare l’esclusione, la contestazione o la frammentazione sociale. Questa tesi esamina il ruolo in evoluzione del patrimonio costruito nel recupero post-conflitto nella regione araba attraverso un’analisi comparativa di Mosul, in Iraq, e Bengasi, in Libia. Essa indaga come il posizionamento del patrimonio costruito nelle diverse fasi e dinamiche del conflitto influenzi il suo recupero post-conflitto, con particolare attenzione alle narrazioni della ricostruzione urbana. Fondata sugli studi critici sul patrimonio e sulla letteratura relativa alla gestione del patrimonio culturale, la ricerca esplora la complessa interazione tra conflitto, distruzione del patrimonio e recupero attraverso un’analisi approfondita delle strutture di governance, delle traiettorie del conflitto e delle strategie di ricostruzione. Lo studio applica un Quadro Analitico Tripartito che comprende le dimensioni Materiale-Tecnica, Socio-Culturale e Governance-Politica, analizzate nelle fasi pre-conflitto, durante il conflitto e post-conflitto. Basandosi su dati empirici raccolti nei due casi di studio, la ricerca esamina come la distruzione del patrimonio durante i conflitti rimodelli il valore, il significato e la funzione del patrimonio costruito nel periodo successivo al conflitto e come il patrimonio venga integrato in programmi più ampi di recupero e ricostruzione. Colmando il divario tra il dibattito teorico e la pratica empirica, questa ricerca contribuisce agli studi sull’urbanistica post-conflitto e sul recupero del patrimonio culturale. Il risultato principale evidenzia che il recupero del patrimonio nei contesti post-conflitto è un esito condizionato dalla governance. Tale conclusione è sviluppata attraverso contributi originali, tra cui la concettualizzazione di Cancellazione Amministrativa (Administrative Erasure), Seconda Rottura (Second Rupture), Finestra Liminale (Liminal Window) e Autenticità Negoziata (Negotiated Authenticity), e viene operativizzata mediante un quadro articolato in quattro fasi, dipendente dalle condizioni di governance, per il recupero del patrimonio nella regione araba.
The role of built heritage in contemporary post-conflict recovery in the Arab Region: cases from Mosul, Iraq, and Benghazi, Libya
Abdelzayed Valdeolmillos, Nur Alah
2025/2026
Abstract
Cultural heritage is understood as a social process that embodies the symbolic elements of communities' ideas and values over time. It serves as a medium for expressing collective identity and negotiating future aspirations, playing a central role in shaping collective memory. In the Arab region, recent and ongoing conflicts have resulted in unprecedented levels of destruction of built cultural heritage, profoundly affecting historic cities and the communities that inhabit them. In parallel, a paradigm shift has emerged in international discourse, positioning heritage as an active instrument in post-conflict recovery, contributing to nation-building, peacebuilding, reconciliation, social cohesion, and sustainable development. Despite this shift, post-conflict policies and practices concerning built heritage remain fragmented and conceptually inconsistent. On the one hand, recovery efforts are constrained by the absence of a shared vision, weak institutional capacity, limited political commitment, inadequate financial mechanisms, and insufficient engagement with local communities. On the other hand, significant shortcomings persist in recovery principles, regulatory frameworks, and technical guidance, particularly in balancing competing heritage values and social priorities. These tensions often result in contradictory reconstruction strategies that shape post-conflict urban environments in ways that may reinforce exclusion, contestation, or social fragmentation. iv This dissertation examines the evolving role of built heritage in post-conflict recovery in the Arab region through a comparative analysis of Mosul, Iraq, and Benghazi, Libya. It investigates how the positioning of built heritage across different phases and dynamics of conflict influences its post-conflict recovery, with particular attention to urban reconstruction narratives. Grounded in critical heritage studies and heritage management scholarship, the research explores the complex interplay between conflict, heritage destruction, and recovery through an in-depth analysis of governance structures, conflict trajectories, and reconstruction strategies. The study applies a Tripartite Analytical Framework encompassing Material–Technical, Socio–Cultural, and Governance–Political dimensions across pre-conflict, conflict, and post-conflict phases. Drawing on empirical data from both case studies, it examines how the destruction of heritage during conflicts reshapes the post-conflict value, meaning, and function of built heritage, and how heritage becomes embedded within broader recovery agendas. By bridging theoretical debates and empirical practice, this research contributes to scholarship on post-conflict urbanism and heritage recovery. The central finding is that post-conflict heritage recovery is a governance-conditioned outcome, advanced through original contributions including the conceptualization of Administrative Erasure, the Second Rupture, the Liminal Window, and Negotiated Authenticity, and operationalized through a governance-contingent four-phase framework for heritage recovery in the Arab region.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/263237