Pulse detonation thrusters (PDTs) deliver thrust in discrete pulses through the pressure gain of detonation, which suits them to spacecraft attitude control. The valveless PDT developed by COMOTI for ESA uses two Hartmann resonators to pulse the oxidizer crossflow into which hydrogen is injected, but its tests did not resolve the internal flow. This thesis computes that flow with three-dimensional URANS simulations in Ansys Fluent, using detailed H₂–O₂ chemistry and adaptive mesh refinement, validated against the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation velocity within 0.5%. In the Baseline geometry, derived from the COMOTI engine, the subsonic oxidizer drives weak antiphase resonator oscillations at 340 Hz, consistent with the jet-instability mode, and the inlet equivalence ratio lies within 3.2% of the experiments. Halving the resonators chokes the inlets and switches them to the jet-regurgitant mode, with oscillations of about 55% of the mean pressure and a near-stoichiometric mixture. Scaling this engine by a factor of 0.3 keeps the regime, but the resonators oscillate in phase. In all cases the frequency lies well below the quarter-wave value. Detonation was directly initiated in the Halved and Scaled engines. The Halved front, ignited before the mixture reached its quasi-steady state, crosses a lean mixture and propagates 6–11% below the local CJ velocity, whereas the Scaled front, ignited on a nearly stoichiometric mixture, is planar and propagates close to the CJ velocity on its lateral portions and 5% below it on its axis. The detonation therefore depends on the mixture at ignition as much as on the engine size. The estimated impulse bit of the primary blowdown falls from 2.7×10⁻² to 4.5×10⁻⁴ N s. Geometric similarity does not preserve the resonator coupling, and the injection system is not isolated from the detonation.
I propulsori a detonazione pulsata (PDT) generano spinta per impulsi sfruttando il guadagno di pressione della detonazione, e sono adatti al controllo d'assetto. Il PDT senza valvole di COMOTI, sviluppato per l'ESA, usa due risonatori di Hartmann per rendere pulsante il flusso trasverso di ossidante in cui si inietta idrogeno, ma le prove non ne risolvono il flusso interno. Questa tesi lo simula con URANS tridimensionale in Ansys Fluent, cinetica H₂–O₂ dettagliata e raffinamento adattivo della griglia, con una validazione entro lo 0,5% sulla velocità di Chapman–Jouguet (CJ). Nella Baseline, derivata dal motore COMOTI, l'ossidante è subsonico e i risonatori oscillano debolmente in controfase a 340 Hz, in modo compatibile con l'instabilità del getto; il rapporto di equivalenza in ingresso differisce del 3,2% dal dato sperimentale. Dimezzati i risonatori, l'ossidante va in blocco sonico e i risonatori passano al modo rigurgitante, con oscillazioni di circa il 55% della pressione media e miscela quasi stechiometrica. Scalato il motore di un fattore 0,3, il regime resta, ma i risonatori oscillano in fase. In tutti i casi la frequenza è molto inferiore alla stima a quarto d'onda. La detonazione è stata innescata direttamente nelle geometrie Halved e Scaled. Il fronte della Halved, innescato prima che la miscela raggiungesse il regime, attraversa una miscela povera e viaggia dal 6 all'11% sotto la velocità CJ locale, mentre quello della Scaled, innescato su una miscela quasi stechiometrica, è piano e viaggia vicino alla velocità CJ ai lati e del 5% sotto sull'asse. La detonazione dipende quindi dalla miscela all'innesco quanto dalla dimensione del motore. L'impulse bit stimato del blowdown primario scende da 2,7×10⁻² a 4,5×10⁻⁴ N s. La similitudine geometrica non conserva l'accoppiamento dei risonatori, e il sistema di iniezione non è isolato dalla detonazione.
High-fidelity numerical simulations of Pulse Detonation Thrusters for next generation spacecraft systems
Centorame, Cristian
2025/2026
Abstract
Pulse detonation thrusters (PDTs) deliver thrust in discrete pulses through the pressure gain of detonation, which suits them to spacecraft attitude control. The valveless PDT developed by COMOTI for ESA uses two Hartmann resonators to pulse the oxidizer crossflow into which hydrogen is injected, but its tests did not resolve the internal flow. This thesis computes that flow with three-dimensional URANS simulations in Ansys Fluent, using detailed H₂–O₂ chemistry and adaptive mesh refinement, validated against the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation velocity within 0.5%. In the Baseline geometry, derived from the COMOTI engine, the subsonic oxidizer drives weak antiphase resonator oscillations at 340 Hz, consistent with the jet-instability mode, and the inlet equivalence ratio lies within 3.2% of the experiments. Halving the resonators chokes the inlets and switches them to the jet-regurgitant mode, with oscillations of about 55% of the mean pressure and a near-stoichiometric mixture. Scaling this engine by a factor of 0.3 keeps the regime, but the resonators oscillate in phase. In all cases the frequency lies well below the quarter-wave value. Detonation was directly initiated in the Halved and Scaled engines. The Halved front, ignited before the mixture reached its quasi-steady state, crosses a lean mixture and propagates 6–11% below the local CJ velocity, whereas the Scaled front, ignited on a nearly stoichiometric mixture, is planar and propagates close to the CJ velocity on its lateral portions and 5% below it on its axis. The detonation therefore depends on the mixture at ignition as much as on the engine size. The estimated impulse bit of the primary blowdown falls from 2.7×10⁻² to 4.5×10⁻⁴ N s. Geometric similarity does not preserve the resonator coupling, and the injection system is not isolated from the detonation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_10_Centorame_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2026_10_Centorame.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/267253