The work is composed of two main sections, as follows. Nanostructured Au substrates for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Synthesis of gold nanoparticle (NP) arrays was done using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in controlled conditions. These substrates were characterized using SEM and TEM. The substrates were tested for SERS using a standard (rhodamine 6G) and a pharmaceutical drug (apomorphine) at low concentrations. Detection limits were reached proving a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, stability and uniformity of these substrates. These substrates were able to give SERS for aromatic thiols which covalently bind to the substrate. Hence, the substrates are suited to exhibit SERS based on the commonly reported mechanisms: charge transfer on adsorption and covalent bonding. SEM image analysis was performed on two batches of substrates fabricated by changing PLD process parameters. The substrates were different in their SERS behavior despite the morphologies being similar. Detailed interpretations revealed that surface coverage and regularity in spatial distances give a boost to SERS enhancements. To utilize these substrates in biomedical applications, we focus on label-free detection of lysozyme with the PLD produced substrates in comparison with SERS with Ag colloids. Assignment of Raman and SERS peaks has been done proposing a binding site of lysozyme. Raman and IR spectroscopy of π-conjugated systems. Symmetric and asymmetric trityl end capped polyynes with increasing lengths of the sp carbon chain were studied. Polyynes are interesting systems since they are the ultimate one-dimension atomic wires consisting of sp conjugated carbons. Vibrational assignment of peaks observed in experimental IR and Raman spectra of polyynes end-capped with bulky groups were possible by comparison with DFT calculations and by analysis of vibrational displacements. For symmetric polyynes vibrational spectroscopy provides clear evidence of the presence of a chain bending effect with increasing chain length. An additional effect was observed for asymmetric polyynes induced by polarization of the sp carbon chain due to asymmetric capping. As a 1D system, these systems prove to be useful non-linear optical materials compared to other sp2 π-conjugated systems. Detailed analysis was carried out to evaluate the vibrational component of molecular hyperpolarizability (γ) for both the symmetric and asymmetric polyynes. Spectroscopic studies of helicenes, an intriguing class of chiral π-conjugated molecules, have been performed. The detailed understanding of their vibrational structure through Raman and IR spectroscopy was carried out. The assignment of strong Raman peaks revealed analogies with the strong Raman modes in coronene and graphene.
Il lavoro si compone di due parti principali. Substrati nanostrutturati per applicazione SERS. Con l'utilizzo della tecnica di Pulsed Laser Deposition in condizioni controllate sono stati prodotti substrati nanostrutturati di Au, caratterizzati anche con microscopia TEM e SEM. Le buone prestazioni SERS di tali substrati sono state evidenziate non solo nei confronti di molecole standard (rodamina 6G) ma anche di un composto farmaceutico (apomorfina). Sono stati raggiunti elevati limiti di detezione alle basse concentrazioni, in buone condizioni di riproducibilità, stabilità, e uniformità dei substrati. L'analisi della morfologia dei substrati a livello nanometrico si è rivelata determinante per spiegare le differenze di comportamento SERS. E' stato possibile utilizzare con successo i substrati prodotti in questo lavoro di tesi per misurare il segnale SERS di una proteina (lisozima). L'interpretazione dei dati SERS ha permesso di proporre un meccanismo di interazione tra proteina e substrato. Spettroscopia Raman e IR di sistemi π-coniugati. Sono stati studiati sistemi poliinici di lunghezza crescente ed eliceni, una classe interessante di molecole coniugate e chirali. I poliini rappresentano il limite ultimo per un sistema monodimensionale in cui lo spessore del cavo è costituito da un solo atomo. L'uso congiunto della spettroscopia Raman/IR e dei calcoli DFT ha permesso di determinare le curve di dispersione fononiche di questi sistemi monodimensionali e di evidenziare i possibili effetti di polarizzazione indotta da sostituenti asimmetrici e quelli di deviazioni della struttura dalla linearità. Inoltre è stato misurato il contributo vibrazionale alla risposta ottica non lineare dei poliini in funzione della loro lunghezza. La spettroscopia vibrazionale degli eliceni ha evidenziato interessanti analogie tra queste molecole chirali e composti grafenici come il coronene.
Controlled synthesis of noble metal nanoparticle arrays and their behavior as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for application as biomedical sensors
AGARWAL, NISHA RANI
Abstract
The work is composed of two main sections, as follows. Nanostructured Au substrates for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Synthesis of gold nanoparticle (NP) arrays was done using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in controlled conditions. These substrates were characterized using SEM and TEM. The substrates were tested for SERS using a standard (rhodamine 6G) and a pharmaceutical drug (apomorphine) at low concentrations. Detection limits were reached proving a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, stability and uniformity of these substrates. These substrates were able to give SERS for aromatic thiols which covalently bind to the substrate. Hence, the substrates are suited to exhibit SERS based on the commonly reported mechanisms: charge transfer on adsorption and covalent bonding. SEM image analysis was performed on two batches of substrates fabricated by changing PLD process parameters. The substrates were different in their SERS behavior despite the morphologies being similar. Detailed interpretations revealed that surface coverage and regularity in spatial distances give a boost to SERS enhancements. To utilize these substrates in biomedical applications, we focus on label-free detection of lysozyme with the PLD produced substrates in comparison with SERS with Ag colloids. Assignment of Raman and SERS peaks has been done proposing a binding site of lysozyme. Raman and IR spectroscopy of π-conjugated systems. Symmetric and asymmetric trityl end capped polyynes with increasing lengths of the sp carbon chain were studied. Polyynes are interesting systems since they are the ultimate one-dimension atomic wires consisting of sp conjugated carbons. Vibrational assignment of peaks observed in experimental IR and Raman spectra of polyynes end-capped with bulky groups were possible by comparison with DFT calculations and by analysis of vibrational displacements. For symmetric polyynes vibrational spectroscopy provides clear evidence of the presence of a chain bending effect with increasing chain length. An additional effect was observed for asymmetric polyynes induced by polarization of the sp carbon chain due to asymmetric capping. As a 1D system, these systems prove to be useful non-linear optical materials compared to other sp2 π-conjugated systems. Detailed analysis was carried out to evaluate the vibrational component of molecular hyperpolarizability (γ) for both the symmetric and asymmetric polyynes. Spectroscopic studies of helicenes, an intriguing class of chiral π-conjugated molecules, have been performed. The detailed understanding of their vibrational structure through Raman and IR spectroscopy was carried out. The assignment of strong Raman peaks revealed analogies with the strong Raman modes in coronene and graphene.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/74041