In the last few years, the incredible diffusion of sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF) used in ubiquitous applications, has induced the main International organizations for health protection to encourage efforts on the potential health effects of EMF exposure. Every process of health risk assessment includes, among the others steps, the exposure assessment, aimed to quantify the levels of the potential harmful agent (in this case EMF) to which the people are exposed. Among the class of population exposed, children, neonates and fetuses have been for a long recognized as possibly more susceptible to EMF, either because of the precocity of their exposure, and because the time of the exposure coincided with the development and maturation of their system. Despite that, their exposure to EMF has been little investigated till now, most of studies addressing only the exposure assessment of adults. Moreover, in the last 4-5 years, the new emerging technologies revolution, has led to the diffusion of new sources of EMF in a countless number of general public applications. Among them, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), born for purpose of automatic identification of people or objects, is becoming particularly pervasive. Its diffusion is likely to involve the entire population, thus also including children, neonates and fetuses. Also to that regard, studies aimed to assess the health risk related to RFID exposure are almost completely lacking. To this purpose, this thesis wants to address: 1) the exposure assessment of EMF using computational techniques; 2) in fetuses (pregnant women), neonates and children due to HF RFID systems operating at 13.56 MHz and UHF RFID operating around 880 MHz. The results show that attention should be paid to the choice of the optimal reader–tag HF RFID technical specifications and that exposure time should be reduced to avoid in particular newborn overexposure. As to the UHF RFID, exposure levels close to the existing exposure guidelines on pregnant women were found. Moreover, the related temperature increases on fetuses result to be far from the threshold of biological effects even considering the worst case exposure conditions.
Gli ultimi anni hanno visto un massiccio incremento di sorgenti di campi elettromagnetici (CEM) nelle più svariate applicazioni, tanto da indurre numerosi organismi internazionali a richiedere alla comunità scientifica sforzi volti a valutare il rischio per la salute legato a tale esposizione. E’ noto come una corretta valutazione del rischio non possa prescindere da un’accurata valutazione dell’esposizione del soggetto, intesa come misura della dose dell’agente in esame (in questo caso i CEM) assorbita dal soggetto. Fra le tipologie di popolazione che più destano interesse e preoccupazione, ci sono sicuramente i bambini. Questo è, in primo luogo, dovuto alla relativa ristrettezza di studi scientifici che li riguardano, dato che tutta la ricerca scientifica si è concentrata per decenni sugli adulti e solo negli ultimissimi decenni sui giovani ed i bambini. Di maggiore rilievo scientifico sono invece le considerazioni relative all’esposizione sia di individui in rapido sviluppo che di individui che, proprio a causa dell’esposizione precoce, potenzialmente verranno esposti per più anni. Peraltro, negli ultimi 4-5 anni si sono andati diffondendo nella vita quotidiana tecnologie emergenti, basate su campi elettromagnetici a varie frequenze. Fra di esse, di gran lunga fra le più diffuse è la tecnologia RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification), utilizzata in un numero enorme e sempre più crescente di applicazioni , allo scopo di permettere una rapida e sicura tracciatura di merci, prodotti, persone, ecc…. La loro diffusione è tale da coinvolgere l’intera popolazione, quindi includendo anche i neonati e i bambini. Nonostante questo, gli studi volti alla valutazione del rischio sulla salute legato all’esposizione ai CEM generati da questi dispositivi risultano ancora limitati. Il lavoro descritto in questa tesi è quindi indirizzato in particolare alla: 1) Valutazione dell’esposizione ai campi elettromagnetici mediante tecniche di elettromagnetismo computazionale 2) In feti (donne gravide), neonati e bambini dovuta ad esposizione a lettori RFID a 13.56 MHz e a 880 MHz. I risultati indicano che, al fine di evitare la sovraesposizione del neonato, si deve porre particolare attenzione alle specifiche tecniche e al tempo di utilizzo dei dispositivi a 13.56 MHz. Per quanto riguarda la seconda classe di dispositivi invece, i livelli maggiori sono stati trovati considerando l’esposizione delle donne incinte, che tuttavia non comportano un significativo aumento di temperatura sul feto.
Exposure assessment of electromagnetic fields on children, newborns and fetuses due to RFID devices
FIOCCHI, SERENA
Abstract
In the last few years, the incredible diffusion of sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF) used in ubiquitous applications, has induced the main International organizations for health protection to encourage efforts on the potential health effects of EMF exposure. Every process of health risk assessment includes, among the others steps, the exposure assessment, aimed to quantify the levels of the potential harmful agent (in this case EMF) to which the people are exposed. Among the class of population exposed, children, neonates and fetuses have been for a long recognized as possibly more susceptible to EMF, either because of the precocity of their exposure, and because the time of the exposure coincided with the development and maturation of their system. Despite that, their exposure to EMF has been little investigated till now, most of studies addressing only the exposure assessment of adults. Moreover, in the last 4-5 years, the new emerging technologies revolution, has led to the diffusion of new sources of EMF in a countless number of general public applications. Among them, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), born for purpose of automatic identification of people or objects, is becoming particularly pervasive. Its diffusion is likely to involve the entire population, thus also including children, neonates and fetuses. Also to that regard, studies aimed to assess the health risk related to RFID exposure are almost completely lacking. To this purpose, this thesis wants to address: 1) the exposure assessment of EMF using computational techniques; 2) in fetuses (pregnant women), neonates and children due to HF RFID systems operating at 13.56 MHz and UHF RFID operating around 880 MHz. The results show that attention should be paid to the choice of the optimal reader–tag HF RFID technical specifications and that exposure time should be reduced to avoid in particular newborn overexposure. As to the UHF RFID, exposure levels close to the existing exposure guidelines on pregnant women were found. Moreover, the related temperature increases on fetuses result to be far from the threshold of biological effects even considering the worst case exposure conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/74322