This PhD work is mainly focused on researching utilities for increasing the micrometeorological flux reliabilities. Micrometeorological stations, which use the eddy covariance technique to estimate turbulent fluxes in the surface layer, are generally located in different agricultural fields to assess evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide fluxes between soil (or vegetation) and atmosphere. Evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide fluxes of the SVAT (Soil – Vegetation – Atmosphere) systems, have to be correctly estimated if a sustainable and parsimonious water resources management would be made. Moreover energy and mass balances model outputs (e.g. latent heat flux and soil moisture) can be compared with micrometeorological measurements, if and only if micrometeorological data are rigorously processed and their qualities are assessed. Micrometeorological technique was born about 30 years ago and, subsequently, a large contribution about data corrections was rapidly given by many scientists. However, many aspects about measurement proprieties and flux reliabilities are only now investigated. In the first part of this work, starting from high frequency measurements of the three wind components and carbon dioxide/water concentrations, eddy covariance data are processed using an open source program and the results are compared with those obtained by a simple software implemented at the Politecnico of Milan for averaged data for real time water management. Thanks to this comparison the main correction procedures which have to be necessarily implemented to obtain reliable turbulent fluxes from micrometeorological data, are shown. The reliability of the micrometeorological measurements is usually assessed with the energy balance closure. Moreover, the use of energy data to validate land surface models requires that the conservation of the energy balance closure is satisfied. However, the unbalance problem is an important issue which has not yet been resolved. In the second part of this work, many aspects which could cause underestimation in turbulent flux measurements are shown. The factors which could influence the energy balance colure are separately investigated and the energy balance closure improvements or worsening are shown in order to understand the number of factors which could play a fundament role into energy balance closure problem. One of these problems is represented by flux scale proprieties. In fact, net radiation, latent, sensible and ground heat fluxes (which represent the four components of the energy balance) have different representative source areas which covers different sectors of the field: from few centimeters for ground heat flux, to a hectare for latent and sensible heat fluxes. Therefore, several errors in energy balance closure can be related to the difficulty to match footprint area of eddy covariance fluxes with the source areas of the instruments which measure net radiation and ground heat flux. In the third part of this work, representative source area for turbulent fluxes measured by eddy covariance station is investigated through modeling and experimental campaigns in totally different field situations: bare and vegetated soils. A revisited simple method based on mobile and fixed eddy covariance stations is found to be helpful in intra-field spatial variability investigations of turbulent fluxes also over homogeneous canopy such us maize fields. The results of these experiments lead to interesting improvements about turbulent flux representative source area knowledge increasing literature results.
Questa tesi di dottorato si propone di migliorare la stima dei flussi evapotraspirativi ottenuti da stazioni micrometeorologiche aumentando l’affidabilità e l’accuratezza delle misure. Le stazioni micrometeorologiche, sfruttando la tecnica eddy covariance, sono generalmente poste all’interno di molteplici realtà agricole al fine di misurare con precisione areale gli scambi di massa e di energia nei sistemi SVAT (suolo-vegetazione-atmosfera). L’obiettivo ultimo delle sperimentazioni riguarda principalmente l’ambito di gestione della risorsa irrigua, affiancando le politiche di utilizzo della stessa verso un’ottica di valorizzazione e sostenibilità. Nonostante la tecnica eddy covariance sia una delle più promettenti metodologie per la misura dei flussi evapotraspirativi e di carbonio tra suolo e atmosfera, l’elaborazione dei dati provenienti da queste stazioni richiede conoscenze approfondite sia in ambito fisiologico che in ambito micro meteorologico. Nella prima parte della tesi, sono state esaminate tutte le possibili correzioni dei dati eddy al fine di ottenere flussi evapotraspirativi particolarmente accurati. Allo stesso tempo è stato elaborato un software di trattamento dati che, partendo da informazioni mediate alla scala temporale di trenta minuti, è in grado di fornire in output i flussi turbolenti di calore latente, sensibile e anidride carbonica. Nella seconda parte del lavoro di tesi il problema della chiusura del bilancio energetico è stato approfondito in relazione a diverse grandezze di interesse agrometeorologico, esaminando l’influenza della stagionalità, l’altezza della vegetazione, ma anche le condizioni di turbolenza che si sviluppano nel surface layer e le caratteristiche dei segnali misurati. L’ultimo aspetto analizzato in questo lavoro di tesi, rappresenta l’indagine dell’area rappresentativa dei flussi turbolenti delle stazioni eddy covariance. Siccome i flussi misurati da queste stazioni sono direttamente relazionati agli scambi turbolenti tra suolo e atmosfera è facile intuire che questi ultimi siano caratterizzati da una propria area rappresentativa o per meglio dire area sorgente (footprint). Il footprint rappresenta quella porzione di campo laddove provengono principalmente i flussi percepiti dalla stazione di misura. La stima di questa area riveste un ruolo fondamentale sia dal punto di vista pratico, legato al corretto posizionamento della stazione all’interno del campo, sia dal punto di vista modellistico connesso alle proprietà di scala dei flussi che entrano in gioco nei bilanci di massa e di energia.
Eddy covariance measurements in the Po valley : representativeness and accuracy
MASSERONI, DANIELE
Abstract
This PhD work is mainly focused on researching utilities for increasing the micrometeorological flux reliabilities. Micrometeorological stations, which use the eddy covariance technique to estimate turbulent fluxes in the surface layer, are generally located in different agricultural fields to assess evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide fluxes between soil (or vegetation) and atmosphere. Evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide fluxes of the SVAT (Soil – Vegetation – Atmosphere) systems, have to be correctly estimated if a sustainable and parsimonious water resources management would be made. Moreover energy and mass balances model outputs (e.g. latent heat flux and soil moisture) can be compared with micrometeorological measurements, if and only if micrometeorological data are rigorously processed and their qualities are assessed. Micrometeorological technique was born about 30 years ago and, subsequently, a large contribution about data corrections was rapidly given by many scientists. However, many aspects about measurement proprieties and flux reliabilities are only now investigated. In the first part of this work, starting from high frequency measurements of the three wind components and carbon dioxide/water concentrations, eddy covariance data are processed using an open source program and the results are compared with those obtained by a simple software implemented at the Politecnico of Milan for averaged data for real time water management. Thanks to this comparison the main correction procedures which have to be necessarily implemented to obtain reliable turbulent fluxes from micrometeorological data, are shown. The reliability of the micrometeorological measurements is usually assessed with the energy balance closure. Moreover, the use of energy data to validate land surface models requires that the conservation of the energy balance closure is satisfied. However, the unbalance problem is an important issue which has not yet been resolved. In the second part of this work, many aspects which could cause underestimation in turbulent flux measurements are shown. The factors which could influence the energy balance colure are separately investigated and the energy balance closure improvements or worsening are shown in order to understand the number of factors which could play a fundament role into energy balance closure problem. One of these problems is represented by flux scale proprieties. In fact, net radiation, latent, sensible and ground heat fluxes (which represent the four components of the energy balance) have different representative source areas which covers different sectors of the field: from few centimeters for ground heat flux, to a hectare for latent and sensible heat fluxes. Therefore, several errors in energy balance closure can be related to the difficulty to match footprint area of eddy covariance fluxes with the source areas of the instruments which measure net radiation and ground heat flux. In the third part of this work, representative source area for turbulent fluxes measured by eddy covariance station is investigated through modeling and experimental campaigns in totally different field situations: bare and vegetated soils. A revisited simple method based on mobile and fixed eddy covariance stations is found to be helpful in intra-field spatial variability investigations of turbulent fluxes also over homogeneous canopy such us maize fields. The results of these experiments lead to interesting improvements about turbulent flux representative source area knowledge increasing literature results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/74522