The reliability of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS and NEMS), such as sensors, is often limited by surface interactions and modification between parts which should maintain the capability of relative motion. This research project is aimed to understand and predict the interaction between surfaces of silicon in MEMs in different applications particularly biosensors. A biosensor is an analytical device that incorporates a biological recognition element associated with a physical-chemical signal transducer. The way in which the biological component is immobilized should never be underestimated, as it can generate phenomena of inactivation of the processes. The first year of research activities focused on developing innovative processes for the production of hybrid materials to be easily integrated into electrochemical biosensors in order to improve the selectivity, detection and the response time of sensors themselves. Metal nanostructures are especially promising in biosensing applications. There are several microelectronic processes which are based on gold due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Adhesion of gold films which are deposited by galvanic displacement is investigated by micro hardness measurement. In this study, load-displacement tests are performed on gold nanostructures which are deposited on mono and polycrystalline silicon 100 in sulfite solutions. Composite hardness model for soft film on hard substrate is used to analyze the results. Gold films growth and composite Vickers microhardness are influenced by the adhesion of the gold film to silicon, as a function of different electrolytes and silicon substrates. The higher composite hardness and more extended deformation zone at the film/substrate lead to stronger adhesion. For the same film thickness, the composite hardness of films which are deposited onto mono silicon is higher than films on poly silicon. The effect of cysteine as an additive on adhesion and microhardness measurements is emphasized . Study the adhesion phenomena in poly-silicon Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) by means of experimental characterization and numerical simulation was another purpose of this research. In the experimental part, the adhesion energy is measured on-chip by means of laboratory designed and fabricated devices; moreover, the surface roughness was characterized through the atomic force microscope. For the numerical part, a specific method has been developed in order to simulate the process of adhesion. Finally, we investigated the possibility to deposit metal nanoparticles on a silicon surface starting from a fluoride-free solution. Six different solutions have been used; five based on a copper salt and the last based on a silver salt. The copper solutions differ in the copper salt used or in the pH of the solution. In all of the cases a concentration of 2mM salt has been used. The main goal of the deposition was to reduce the stiction phenomena of MEMS devices by increasing the roughness and modifying the surface energy. The surfaces have been analyzed by an Atomic Force Microscope, an X-Ray Diffractometer, Lateral Force measurements, and the water contact angle. Surface activation was performed by dipping the samples in diluted hydrofluoric acid (10%) for 2 minutes, right after the samples were immersed in the deposition bath for different times. Further treatments, such as thermal oxidation and application of a self-assembled Monolayer, have been applied to improve the property of the surface. The relative humidity has been monitored during the test to obtain more comparable results and to check the dependency of the adhesion on its level. Moreover, the above results will be compared with those obtained from a cantilever beam arrays test after surface modification by galvanic displacement. During the third year of Ph.D. activity, in conjunction with the above research, Indium Phosphide deposition as a Low Cost III-V Solar Material project was investigated. Indium Phosphide (InP), which is a semiconductor material with a band gap of 1.35 eV, has gained important applications in MEMS substrate and in particular as thin-film photovoltaic solar cells. This work reports electrochemical process for obtaining InP films. The experimental part for investigating InP was studied with three different methods. First method was direct deposition of Indium phosphide; the second one was ECD of Indium, phosphorization and then annealing and the third method was co-deposition of Indium and red phosphorous particles. The samples were characterized before and after annealing with XRD, EDX, Photoluminescence and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL), which are important techniques for measuring the purity and crystalline quality of InP semiconductor, together with its PV properties.
Il progetto ha lo scopo di sviluppare processi innovativi per la produzione di materiali ibridi facilmente integrabili all’interno di biosensori elettrochimici, in grado di migliorarne la selettività, la capacità detettiva e il tempo di risposta. Un biosensore è un dispositivo analitico che incorpora un elemento di riconoscimento biologico associato a un trasduttore di segnale chimico-fisico. Lo scopo del biosensore è di produrre un segnale elettronico proporzionale alla concentrazione dell’analita. Da questo punto di vista, non deve essere sottovalutata la modalità con cui il componente biologico è immobilizzato, in quanto un errato posizionamento può generare alterazioni nel funzionamento del processo. .Lo scopo del lavoro di tesi è di sperimentare l’impiego di un processo di spostamento galvanico di oro su silicio al fine di verificarne il possibile utilizzo per la preparazione di un sensore elettrochimico. Questo implica la necessita di effettuare un’ottimizzazione del processo elettrochimico sul substrato di silicio al fine di poter analizzare nel suo complesso l’intera procedura, per migliorare la morfologia dei depositi, l’adesione e l’interazione con le specie enzimatiche. Una volta effettuata la caratterizzazione per quanto riguarda i processi di deposizione di depositi di oro su silicio da elettroliti a base di solfiti, si è proseguito con la fase di valutazione del comportamento di tali film con sistemi enzimatici noti, confrontando i risultati con un deposito di oro ottenuto da elettroliti tradizionali a base di cloruri. Effettuato un confronto tra le proprietà dei film di oro ottenuti dai diversi sali impiegati nel bagno, si lavorerà alla ricerca di una struttura che può ulteriormente ottimizzare le funzioni del biosensore, aumentandone ad esempio le prestazioni in rapporto al valore di superficie dell’elettrodo del sensore stesso. Altro scopo di questa ricerca è stato lo studio dei fenomeni di adesione su MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) in poli-silicio per mezzo di caratterizzazione sperimentale e simulazione numerica, al fine di comprenderne i meccanismi e proporre trattamenti superficiali al fine di evitare problemi di stiction. A tale scopo, l’ultimo punto ha riguardato la possibilità di depositare nanoparticelle di metallo su una superficie di silicio a partire da una soluzione priva di fluoro. Sono state utilizzate sei diverse soluzioni: cinque soluzioni di rame e l'ultima basata su un sale di argento. Le soluzioni in rame differiscono per il sale di rame utilizzato o il pH della soluzione. In tutti i casi è stata utilizzata una concentrazione di sale 2 mM. L'obiettivo principale della deposizione era di ridurre i fenomeni di adesione in dispositivi MEMS aumentando la rugosità e modificando l'energia superficiale. Nel corso del terzo anno di attività di ricerca nell’ambito del dottorato, in combinazione con la ricerca precedente, è stata studiata una tecnica di deposizione di indio-fosforo III-V (InP) per impieghi in campo fotovoltaico. L’InP è un materiale semiconduttore con un band gap di 1,35 eV, e ha ottenuto importanti applicazioni su substrati MEMS, in particolare come film sottile per applicazione su celle solari fotovoltaiche. Durante la parte sperimentale, sono stati studiati tre diversi metodi di deposizione di InP: il primo metodo riguardava la deposizione diretta di fosfuro di indio; il secondo impiegava la deposizione elettrochimica di indio, seguita da fosforizzazione e annealing; il terzo metodo consisteva nella co-deposizione di indio e particelle di fosforo rosso.
Surface interactions in micro and nano devices
RAYGANI, ANAHIT
Abstract
The reliability of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS and NEMS), such as sensors, is often limited by surface interactions and modification between parts which should maintain the capability of relative motion. This research project is aimed to understand and predict the interaction between surfaces of silicon in MEMs in different applications particularly biosensors. A biosensor is an analytical device that incorporates a biological recognition element associated with a physical-chemical signal transducer. The way in which the biological component is immobilized should never be underestimated, as it can generate phenomena of inactivation of the processes. The first year of research activities focused on developing innovative processes for the production of hybrid materials to be easily integrated into electrochemical biosensors in order to improve the selectivity, detection and the response time of sensors themselves. Metal nanostructures are especially promising in biosensing applications. There are several microelectronic processes which are based on gold due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Adhesion of gold films which are deposited by galvanic displacement is investigated by micro hardness measurement. In this study, load-displacement tests are performed on gold nanostructures which are deposited on mono and polycrystalline silicon 100 in sulfite solutions. Composite hardness model for soft film on hard substrate is used to analyze the results. Gold films growth and composite Vickers microhardness are influenced by the adhesion of the gold film to silicon, as a function of different electrolytes and silicon substrates. The higher composite hardness and more extended deformation zone at the film/substrate lead to stronger adhesion. For the same film thickness, the composite hardness of films which are deposited onto mono silicon is higher than films on poly silicon. The effect of cysteine as an additive on adhesion and microhardness measurements is emphasized . Study the adhesion phenomena in poly-silicon Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) by means of experimental characterization and numerical simulation was another purpose of this research. In the experimental part, the adhesion energy is measured on-chip by means of laboratory designed and fabricated devices; moreover, the surface roughness was characterized through the atomic force microscope. For the numerical part, a specific method has been developed in order to simulate the process of adhesion. Finally, we investigated the possibility to deposit metal nanoparticles on a silicon surface starting from a fluoride-free solution. Six different solutions have been used; five based on a copper salt and the last based on a silver salt. The copper solutions differ in the copper salt used or in the pH of the solution. In all of the cases a concentration of 2mM salt has been used. The main goal of the deposition was to reduce the stiction phenomena of MEMS devices by increasing the roughness and modifying the surface energy. The surfaces have been analyzed by an Atomic Force Microscope, an X-Ray Diffractometer, Lateral Force measurements, and the water contact angle. Surface activation was performed by dipping the samples in diluted hydrofluoric acid (10%) for 2 minutes, right after the samples were immersed in the deposition bath for different times. Further treatments, such as thermal oxidation and application of a self-assembled Monolayer, have been applied to improve the property of the surface. The relative humidity has been monitored during the test to obtain more comparable results and to check the dependency of the adhesion on its level. Moreover, the above results will be compared with those obtained from a cantilever beam arrays test after surface modification by galvanic displacement. During the third year of Ph.D. activity, in conjunction with the above research, Indium Phosphide deposition as a Low Cost III-V Solar Material project was investigated. Indium Phosphide (InP), which is a semiconductor material with a band gap of 1.35 eV, has gained important applications in MEMS substrate and in particular as thin-film photovoltaic solar cells. This work reports electrochemical process for obtaining InP films. The experimental part for investigating InP was studied with three different methods. First method was direct deposition of Indium phosphide; the second one was ECD of Indium, phosphorization and then annealing and the third method was co-deposition of Indium and red phosphorous particles. The samples were characterized before and after annealing with XRD, EDX, Photoluminescence and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL), which are important techniques for measuring the purity and crystalline quality of InP semiconductor, together with its PV properties.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/74681