The territory and its local community establish a vital, utilitarian, identity and sentimental relationship that in normal condition is characterized by a homo-kinetic balance, i.e. constantly reconstituted further to the continuous variation of its terms; with reference to this relationship, the natural catastrophe configures as an exceptional moment of breach that involves not only the physical structures but the whole socio-territorial system as well, as it generates sudden alterations of the juridical, ecological, geographical, social, economic, environmental, historic, artistic and urban-architectural profiles. Among all catastrophic events, the present research focuses on earthquakes and it in particular deals with the subject of the reconstruction after the event. Each earthquake has its own history; its post-event scenarios are very specific to each case for they are co-determined by several factors such as the historical-political and socio-economical moment, the seriousness of the damages, the territory morphology, the construction typologies, the orientation of the territorial development, along with other profound factors such as local culture, traditions and even the character of the population. The present research specifically chooses to cope with the reconstruction of the territory of L’Aquila hit by the strong earthquake of April 2009. The first intent is to comprehend the quid of the reconstruction, intended here not so much as a product but rather as a process, i.e. its why, what, who, how, when and where; to imagine a desirable scenario; to trace a path that may lead to the re-activation of the socio-territorial system throughout the integration of all factors and needs in the direction of local development. The unique and irreplaceable resource that may constitute the leverage of the reactivation of the city is undoubtedly its historic centre, for it lays foundations for a development that may be local in terms of resources, global in terms of relations and auto-sustainable in terms of modality. It indeed represents a unicum of special multiscalar and multidisciplinar value, that, besides representing one of the most relevant artistic heritage in Italy, has also always constituted the pulsing heart of the daily and night life of the entire city but it unfortunately resulted the most severly damaged area the reconstruction of which still struggles to get started. Hence, what reconstruction for the historic centre of L’Aquila? In the effort to pursue the active enhancement of the historic centre, the integration between pre-existence and contemporary uses and eventual application of modern technologies is essential; we therefore find ourselves facing relevant questions, both theoretical and practical, the answer to which is neither unique nor universal, but it must be searched at local level by means of all stakeholders involvement and integration. The reconstruction process of L’Aquila has denounced the quite complete lack of the whole of the territorial stakeholders engagement, even though best practices from past post-earthquake reconstructions, such as those of Friuli (1976) and Umbria-Marche (1997), have clearly shown that the key of a successful reconstruction lays on the construction of widely shared and concerted plans and strategies. Given the complexity of the post-earthquake scenario, the reconstruction process should though aim at integrating the top-down and bottom-up approaches so that all stakeholders, i.e. administrators, public bodies and agencies, professionals, agents, social forces and citizens, are given the effective opportunity to constructively interfere with the process while respecting precise surrounding conditions and referring to the specific public agenda. Taking into consideration the medium-big demographic and territorial size of the city therefore the difficulty in efficiently applying the traditional methods of direct comparisons, and also in light of the lack of involvement particularly significant with reference to the youth, it appears necessary to introduce profiles of innovation within the participatory processes. The first innovation concerns the cultural approach: the institutional authorities must understand the opportunities and potentials offered by the construction of shared decisions for the territory and adapt their structures and processes consequently. This commitment must be communicated widely, demonstrated in practice and validated regularly. The second innovation concerns the use of advanced technology and it is aimed at extending the practice of democracy to all legitimate subjects. The implementation of the eGovernment techniques, that is the introduction of digital technologies within the participatory process as integrative, not substitutive, support, seems to be the appropriate strategy that may consent to reach the proposed objectives by strengthening and improving the traditional participatory ongoing processes and procedures, as well as promoting further and innovative ways of participation throughout broadcasting channels of high audience potential, easiness of access and versatile diffusion. According to this, the guidelines proposed as the final outcome of this research are aimed at implementing the participatory process and they identify specific objectives and propose stakeholders, modalities, methods, means and resources suitable to reach the final goal. The proposed model nevertheless presents a few criticalities, such as the need for the governmental authorities to open to more democratic, almost plebiscitary, territorial governance; the need for the citizen to responsibly participate; the difficulty in managing such a huge flow of inputs. The potentials offered by the model are however relevant and numerous: the process acceleration, also by making it more efficient as well as more transparent; the simplification in divulging and accessing all information; the construction of participatory time-and-location independent infrastructures capable to reach both far destinations and all age groups, also in line with the contemporary society developments. In general terms, we may state that the implementation of innovative processes, methods and means within the public administration assumes an extremely relevant role especially in the contemporary age for transformations happen very rapidly; against societies that evolve very quickly, the eventual passiveness of the public administration may obstacle progress besides leading to frustration and disadvantages. Although the proposed model has been conceived with reference to the specific case of L’Aquila, the thesis in its conclusions opens up to possible applications to other eventual future reconstructions, also with particular regards to the case of the Mantua territory hit by the earthquake on May 2012. With regards to this last case, we again find ourselves facing a complex scenario, in terms of ecological, geographical, social, economic, environmental, historic, artistic and urban-architectural emergencies, that will need a systemic approach to find appropriate solutions that may lead not merely to the physical reconstruction of the lost patrimony, but rather to the reactivation of the territory by means of enhancement of the local heritage and resources within the territorial networks. Local authorities have already shown a collaborative attitude that, if broaden to engage all relevant stakeholders, may constitute the base to start a virtuous practice that, by means of innovative processes, may lead to meet the targeted reactivation. This is a real chance to finally transform the catastrophe into a “growth opportunity” in terms of local development and of implementation of new models for territorial governance that best respond to the territory needs and to the contemporary society’s expectations.
Nel rapporto insieme vitale, utilitaristico, identitario e sentimentale, tra la comunità ed il suo territorio, caratterizzato in condizioni di normalità da un equilibrio omocinetico ovvero costantemente ricomposto al variare dei suoi termini, la catastrofe naturale si configura come un momento eccezionale di rottura che coinvolge non solo le strutture fisiche, ma l’intero sistema socio-territoriale, generando repentine alterazioni e sconvolgimenti dei profili giuridici, ecologici, geografici, sociali, economici, ambientali, storici, culturali, artistici ed architettonico-urbanistici. Tra gli eventi catastrofici, la presente ricerca si sofferma in particolare sul terremoto e nello specifico sceglie di affrontare il tema della ricostruzione. Ciascun terremoto ha una storia a sè, e gli scenari post-sisma sono altrettanto specifici per ciascun caso, in quanto co-determinati da diversi fattori quali il momento storico-politico ed economico-sociale, l’entità del danno, la morfologia del territorio, la tipologia dell’insediamento umano, il tipo di sviluppo in atto oltre che fattori profondi come la cultura, le tradizioni e perfino il carattere delle popolazioni. La presente ricerca decide di focalizzarsi sul caso della ricostruzione del territorio aquilano, colpito da un sisma distruttivo lo scorso Aprile 2009. Il primo intento è quello di comprendere il quid della ricostruzione, intesa in questa sede non come un prodotto, ma come un processo, ovvero i suoi “perché”, “cosa”, “chi”, “come”, “quando” e “dove”; immaginare uno scenario auspicabile; disegnare un processo che conduca alla riattivazione del sistema socio-territoriale attraverso l’integrazione di tutti i fattori e necessità nella direzione dello sviluppo locale. Fondamentale risorsa insostituibile, matrice dell’evoluzione del territorio e strumento per la costruzione di uno sviluppo che sia locale nelle risorse, globale nelle relazioni ed auto-sostenibile nelle modalità, è senza dubbio il centro storico della città. Il centro storico in particolare di L’Aquila rappresenta infatti un unicum di particolare valenza multiscalare e multidisciplinare che, oltre ad essere riconosciuto quale uno dei patrimoni artistici più importanti d’Italia, ha altresì sempre costituito il cuore pulsante della vita diurna e notturna dell’intera città, ma sfortunatamente è risultato la realtà maggiormente danneggiata dal terremoto e la sua ricostruzione stenta ad avviarsi. Quale ricostruzione dunque per il centro storico di L’Aquila? Nel perseguimento della valorizzazione attiva del centro storico attraverso gli usi contemporanei ed eventualmente l’applicazione di moderne tecnologie finalizzate e del suo reinserimento quale risorsa attiva all’interno delle reti locali e sovralocali, ci si trova di fronte rilevanti dilemmi, da un punto di vista tanto teorico che pratico, la risposta ai quali non è nè univoca nè universale, ma può essere di volta in volta determinata solo a livello locale attraverso l’integrazione di tutti gli stakeholders sul territorio. Analizzando il processo di ricostruzione in corso a L’Aquila, si è tuttavia riscontrata la completa assenza di concertazione nella definizione delle procedure e delle strategie, nonostante nella storia non sono mancati casi esemplari di ricostruzione che hanno strutturato il proprio successo proprio sulla costruzione condivisa e partecipata delle politiche, quali tra tutti le ricostruzioni esemplari del Friuli (terremoto del 1976) e dell’Umbria-Marche (terremoto del 1997). Inoltre, in considerazione della complessità dei particolari scenari, il processo di ricostruzione dovrebbe mirare all’integrazione tra gli approcci top-down and bottom-up, in un’ottica di collaborazione e sinergia tra tutte le parti, in maniera tale che, nel rispetto di determinate condizioni al contorno ed in riferimento ad un’agenda di iniziativa pubblica, a tutti gli stakeholders, tra amministrazioni ed istituzioni, professionisti, operatori commerciali, forze sociali e cittadini, sia offerta l’effettiva possibilità di poter interferire costruttivamente nel processo per influenzare le decisioni. In considerazione delle dimensioni demografiche e territoriali medio-grandi del capoluogo e dunque della difficoltà di attuare efficacemente i tradizionali metodi di confronto diretto ed altresì alla luce dello scarso coinvolgimento in particolare della classe giovanile, appare necessario proporre l’introduzione di profili di innovazione all’interno dei processi partecipativi per la costruzione concertata delle politiche. La prima innovazione è di tipo culturale: gli organi istituzionali devono maturare la consapevolezza delle opportunità e delle potenzialità offerte dalla costruzione condivisa delle politiche ed adattare le proprie strutture di conseguenza. La seconda innovazione, finalizzata all’estensione della pratica democratica a tutti i soggetti leggittimati, è di tipo tecnologico. L’implementazione delle prassi di eGovernment, ovvero l’introduzione delle tecnologie digitali nel processo di partecipazione quale supporto integrativo, e on sostituivo, sembra la strategia che, sfruttando canali di broadcasting ad alto potenziale di audience, dall’accessibilità semplice e di versatile diffusione tra i cittadini, oltre che estremamente economici ed efficienti, può consentire il raggiungimento degli obiettivi preposti, da un lato potenziando e migliorando i procedimenti partecipativi tradizionali e le procedure già attive, dall’altro sostenendo ulteriori e nuove forme di partecipazione integrative. L’esito finale della presente ricerca sono dunque linee guida finalizzate all’implementazione del processo partecipativo secondo quanto detto e che dunque, individuati gli obiettivi specifici del processo, propongono attori, modalità, metodi, strumenti e risorse adeguati allo scopo. Il modello proposto non è tuttavia privo di criticità, tra le quali risaltano la necessità di apertura delle istituzioni ad un governo democratico, quasi plebiscitario, della ricostruzione, la necessità dell’impegno responsabile dei cittadini nel prendere parte ai processi di partecipazione e la difficiltà di gestione del consistente flusso partecipativo da parte delle autorità competenti. Tante sono tuttavia le potenzialità offerte dal modello: l’accelerazione del processo rendendolo più efficiente ed al contempo più trasparente; la facilitazione nella diffusione e l’accesso alle informazioni sulla ricostruzione da parte di tutti; la costruzione di un’infrastrutturazione partecipativa di larghissima diffusione, ovvero capace di coprire sia vaste zone di territorio che ampie fasce di età, senza vincoli di spazio o tempo, ed in linea con gli sviluppi delle società contemporanee. Il tutto alla luce della riflessione generale che l’implementazione di processi, metodi e strumenti innovativi nella Pubblica Amministrazione riveste un ruolo particolarmente importante soprattutto nell’era contemporanea in cui le trasformazioni si succedono con particolare rapidità; a fronte di una società che si aggiorna velocemente, l’inerzia della Pubblica Amministrazione rischierebbe altrimenti di causare, oltre a frustrazione e disagio, un ostacolo al progresso. Sebbene il modello proposto sia stato costruito in riferimento allo specifico caso aquilano, la tesi si apre nelle conclusioni ad una riflessione sui principi generali trasferibili ad eventuali altre, future, ricostruzioni e ad uno spunto in particolare per il caso del territorio di Mantova colpito dal sisma nel Maggio 2012. Con riferimento a quest’ultimo caso, ancora una volta ci si trova a dover affrontare uno scenario complesso in termini di emergenze ecologiche, geografiche, sociali, economiche, ambientali, storico-artistiche e urbane- architettoniche, che necessiterà di un approccio sistemico per poter elaborare soluzioni che possano portare non solo alla ricostituzione dell’integrità fisica del patrimonio, ma piuttosto alla riattivazione territoriale attraverso la valorizzazione del patrimonio e delle risorse locali all’interno delle reti territoriali. Le autorità locali hanno già dimostrato un atteggiamento collaborativo che, se esteso a tutti i rilevanti attori sul territorio, potrebbe costituire la base per l’avvio di un processo virtuoso che, attraverso processi innovativi, possa condurre verso la realizzazione dell’obiettivo perseguito. E’ possibile cogliere la chance per trasformare la catastrofe in un’”opportunità di crescita” in termini di sviluppo locale e di implementazione di nuovi modelli di governance territoriale che rispondano al meglio alle esigenze del territorio ed alle aspettative della società contemporanea.
Sistema simbiotico società territorio e catastrofi naturali. La costruzione condivisa e concertata delle politiche per la riattivazione del centro storico di L'Aquila dopo il sisma del 2009
VIVOLA, LAURA
Abstract
The territory and its local community establish a vital, utilitarian, identity and sentimental relationship that in normal condition is characterized by a homo-kinetic balance, i.e. constantly reconstituted further to the continuous variation of its terms; with reference to this relationship, the natural catastrophe configures as an exceptional moment of breach that involves not only the physical structures but the whole socio-territorial system as well, as it generates sudden alterations of the juridical, ecological, geographical, social, economic, environmental, historic, artistic and urban-architectural profiles. Among all catastrophic events, the present research focuses on earthquakes and it in particular deals with the subject of the reconstruction after the event. Each earthquake has its own history; its post-event scenarios are very specific to each case for they are co-determined by several factors such as the historical-political and socio-economical moment, the seriousness of the damages, the territory morphology, the construction typologies, the orientation of the territorial development, along with other profound factors such as local culture, traditions and even the character of the population. The present research specifically chooses to cope with the reconstruction of the territory of L’Aquila hit by the strong earthquake of April 2009. The first intent is to comprehend the quid of the reconstruction, intended here not so much as a product but rather as a process, i.e. its why, what, who, how, when and where; to imagine a desirable scenario; to trace a path that may lead to the re-activation of the socio-territorial system throughout the integration of all factors and needs in the direction of local development. The unique and irreplaceable resource that may constitute the leverage of the reactivation of the city is undoubtedly its historic centre, for it lays foundations for a development that may be local in terms of resources, global in terms of relations and auto-sustainable in terms of modality. It indeed represents a unicum of special multiscalar and multidisciplinar value, that, besides representing one of the most relevant artistic heritage in Italy, has also always constituted the pulsing heart of the daily and night life of the entire city but it unfortunately resulted the most severly damaged area the reconstruction of which still struggles to get started. Hence, what reconstruction for the historic centre of L’Aquila? In the effort to pursue the active enhancement of the historic centre, the integration between pre-existence and contemporary uses and eventual application of modern technologies is essential; we therefore find ourselves facing relevant questions, both theoretical and practical, the answer to which is neither unique nor universal, but it must be searched at local level by means of all stakeholders involvement and integration. The reconstruction process of L’Aquila has denounced the quite complete lack of the whole of the territorial stakeholders engagement, even though best practices from past post-earthquake reconstructions, such as those of Friuli (1976) and Umbria-Marche (1997), have clearly shown that the key of a successful reconstruction lays on the construction of widely shared and concerted plans and strategies. Given the complexity of the post-earthquake scenario, the reconstruction process should though aim at integrating the top-down and bottom-up approaches so that all stakeholders, i.e. administrators, public bodies and agencies, professionals, agents, social forces and citizens, are given the effective opportunity to constructively interfere with the process while respecting precise surrounding conditions and referring to the specific public agenda. Taking into consideration the medium-big demographic and territorial size of the city therefore the difficulty in efficiently applying the traditional methods of direct comparisons, and also in light of the lack of involvement particularly significant with reference to the youth, it appears necessary to introduce profiles of innovation within the participatory processes. The first innovation concerns the cultural approach: the institutional authorities must understand the opportunities and potentials offered by the construction of shared decisions for the territory and adapt their structures and processes consequently. This commitment must be communicated widely, demonstrated in practice and validated regularly. The second innovation concerns the use of advanced technology and it is aimed at extending the practice of democracy to all legitimate subjects. The implementation of the eGovernment techniques, that is the introduction of digital technologies within the participatory process as integrative, not substitutive, support, seems to be the appropriate strategy that may consent to reach the proposed objectives by strengthening and improving the traditional participatory ongoing processes and procedures, as well as promoting further and innovative ways of participation throughout broadcasting channels of high audience potential, easiness of access and versatile diffusion. According to this, the guidelines proposed as the final outcome of this research are aimed at implementing the participatory process and they identify specific objectives and propose stakeholders, modalities, methods, means and resources suitable to reach the final goal. The proposed model nevertheless presents a few criticalities, such as the need for the governmental authorities to open to more democratic, almost plebiscitary, territorial governance; the need for the citizen to responsibly participate; the difficulty in managing such a huge flow of inputs. The potentials offered by the model are however relevant and numerous: the process acceleration, also by making it more efficient as well as more transparent; the simplification in divulging and accessing all information; the construction of participatory time-and-location independent infrastructures capable to reach both far destinations and all age groups, also in line with the contemporary society developments. In general terms, we may state that the implementation of innovative processes, methods and means within the public administration assumes an extremely relevant role especially in the contemporary age for transformations happen very rapidly; against societies that evolve very quickly, the eventual passiveness of the public administration may obstacle progress besides leading to frustration and disadvantages. Although the proposed model has been conceived with reference to the specific case of L’Aquila, the thesis in its conclusions opens up to possible applications to other eventual future reconstructions, also with particular regards to the case of the Mantua territory hit by the earthquake on May 2012. With regards to this last case, we again find ourselves facing a complex scenario, in terms of ecological, geographical, social, economic, environmental, historic, artistic and urban-architectural emergencies, that will need a systemic approach to find appropriate solutions that may lead not merely to the physical reconstruction of the lost patrimony, but rather to the reactivation of the territory by means of enhancement of the local heritage and resources within the territorial networks. Local authorities have already shown a collaborative attitude that, if broaden to engage all relevant stakeholders, may constitute the base to start a virtuous practice that, by means of innovative processes, may lead to meet the targeted reactivation. This is a real chance to finally transform the catastrophe into a “growth opportunity” in terms of local development and of implementation of new models for territorial governance that best respond to the territory needs and to the contemporary society’s expectations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/74922