The important technology of heat treatment require an higher and higher quality of the individual parts after the heat treatment. Among the topics which are often identified as the most important and of greatest interest are: residual stresses, distortions, and the development of alternatives to quench oil which reduce the environmental impact. These are issues of concern that need to be successfully dealt in order to support industrial growth and improvement. Distortions of parts after heat treating are one of the greatest sources of problems for heat treaters. Residual stresses can have a profound effect on the performance of heat-treated components. They can either be harmful or beneficial. Compressive residual stress increases the fatigue life and has a beneficial effect on crack propagation. On the other hand, tensile residual stress reduces the fatigue performance of the material. Petroleum based oils are generally used as quenchants for industrial heat treatment (Fernandes and Prabhu, 2008). Many components are oil quenched to achieve consistent and repeatable mechanical and metallurgical properties, and predictable distortion patterns. The reason oil quenching is so popular is due to its excellent performance results and stability over a broad range of operating conditions. Oil quenching facilitates the hardening of steel by controlling heat transfer during quenching, and it enhances the wetting of steel during quenching to minimize the formation of undesirable thermal and transformational gradients which may lead to high residual stresses, increased distortion, and cracking. With the increasing awareness and importance of environmental issues such as global warming, air and water pollution, more environmentally friendly quench media are developed as alternatives to mineral oil. Brazil, where it has been carried out part of the experimental research, has shown interest in the behaviour of soybean oil for use as coolant, quenchant and lubricant formulations because it is a biodegradable renewable basestock and it represents 95% of all seed oil production in the country. While the quenching characteristics of a large variety of commercially available formulas and blends of mineral oils are well known, vegetable oils as quenchants are still under study. An increasing number of studies have been carried out on vegetable oils to study quenching characteristics such as: cooling mechanism, heat transfer, wetting behaviour, spread activation energy, quench severity, oxidation stability, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitor additives. Some computational studies have also been performed to simulate the residual stresses that arise after quenching the steels in mineral oil and vegetable oil quenchants but no experimental results are reported yet. The objective of this work is to measure and compare the experimental results of residual stresses and distortions that arise after quenching a steel into two commercially available petroleum-derived oils and six different vegetable oils. The coolants used are a medium-speed and an accelerated mineral oil, soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil, fatty acid methyl ester and blends of epoxidized soybean oil with fatty acid methyl ester. The results obtained show that the residual stresses and the distortions are affected by the cooling characteristics of the oils. The residual stresses and the deformations of the samples are particularly influenced by the heat transfer coefficient in correspondence of the ferrite-perlite, bainite, and the martensitic transformation temperature. The time interval in which the steel remains between Ms e Mf is also an important parameter that contributes to the residual stresses and the distortions.
Il settore dei trattamenti termici richiede una qualità sempre maggiore dei componenti metallici trattati. Gli sforzi residui, le distorsioni e lo sviluppo di alternative agli oli minerali da tempra per ridurre l’impatto ambientale sono alcuni tra gli aspetti di maggiore interesse in questo campo. Questi problemi meritano di essere studiati per il miglioramento dei processi industriali e dei materiali. La presenza di sforzi residui e distorsioni dei componenti dopo il trattamento termico sono una delle maggiori problematiche per chi effettua trattamenti termici. Gli sforzi residui possono avere un effetto significativo sulla prestazione dei materiali trattati termicamente: possono influenzare positivamente o negativamente il materiale. Gli sforzi residui a compressione aumentano la vita a fatica e hanno un effetto benefico sulla propagazione della cricca, mentre gli sforzi residui a trazione riducono la vita a fatica del componente. Gli oli minerali sono generalmente usati come fluidi tempranti durante i trattamenti termici. La ragione principale per cui gli oli minerali sono ampiamente usati è da attribuire al fatto che hanno ottime prestazioni e grande stabilità in una vasta gamma di condizioni operative. Gli oli, comparati ad altri fluidi tempranti, facilitano la tempra degli acciai controllando lo scambio termico durante lo spegnimento e riducono la calefazione per minimizzare i gradienti termici e i gradienti dovuti alla trasformazione martensitica che creano elevati sforzi residui, distorsioni e cricche. Negli ultimi anni gli aspetti energetici e ambientali hanno acquisito una sempre maggiore importanza e oli da tempra di natura rinnovabile sono stati sviluppati e studiati come possibile alternativa agli oli minerali. Il Brasile, Paese in cui è stata effettuata una parte dello studio sperimentale, dimostra un grande interesse nel comportamento dell’olio di soia come fluido temprante e lubrificante perché è una risorsa rinnovabile e l’olio di soia rappresenta il 95% della produzione di olio di semi. Mentre le caratteristiche tempranti di un’ampia varietà di oli commerciali di origine minerale sono ben conosciute, gli oli vegetali sono una novità da studiare. La ricerca fino ad ora si è basata sullo studio delle caratteristiche degli oli: il meccanismo di raffreddamento, lo scambio termico, la calefazione, la severità di tempra, la stabilità all’ossidazione, l’effetto di antiossidanti e additivi. Analisi numeriche sono state effettuate per simulare gli sforzi residui causati dalla tempra in oli minerali e vegetali, ma nessuna ricerca sperimentale è stata svolta prima su campioni reali. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di valutare gli sforzi residui e le distorsioni che originano dopo la tempra dei campioni in due oli minerali e sei oli vegetali. Gli oli usati sono un olio minerale a media velocità e uno accelerato, olio di soia e soia epossidata, fatty acid methyl ester e tre miscele di olio di soia e olio di soia epossidato. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che gli sforzi residui e le distorsioni sono legati alle proprietà di raffreddamento degli oli. Gli sforzi residui e le deformazioni dei campioni sono particolarmente influenzati dai coefficienti di trasmissione termica in corrispondenza della temperatura dell’isola ferritico-perlitica, bainitica e all’intervallo della trasformazione martensitica insieme all’intervallo di tempo in cui l’acciaio permane tra la temperatura della Ms e Mf.
Quenching steels with vegetable oils
CIVERA, CARLOTTA
2012/2013
Abstract
The important technology of heat treatment require an higher and higher quality of the individual parts after the heat treatment. Among the topics which are often identified as the most important and of greatest interest are: residual stresses, distortions, and the development of alternatives to quench oil which reduce the environmental impact. These are issues of concern that need to be successfully dealt in order to support industrial growth and improvement. Distortions of parts after heat treating are one of the greatest sources of problems for heat treaters. Residual stresses can have a profound effect on the performance of heat-treated components. They can either be harmful or beneficial. Compressive residual stress increases the fatigue life and has a beneficial effect on crack propagation. On the other hand, tensile residual stress reduces the fatigue performance of the material. Petroleum based oils are generally used as quenchants for industrial heat treatment (Fernandes and Prabhu, 2008). Many components are oil quenched to achieve consistent and repeatable mechanical and metallurgical properties, and predictable distortion patterns. The reason oil quenching is so popular is due to its excellent performance results and stability over a broad range of operating conditions. Oil quenching facilitates the hardening of steel by controlling heat transfer during quenching, and it enhances the wetting of steel during quenching to minimize the formation of undesirable thermal and transformational gradients which may lead to high residual stresses, increased distortion, and cracking. With the increasing awareness and importance of environmental issues such as global warming, air and water pollution, more environmentally friendly quench media are developed as alternatives to mineral oil. Brazil, where it has been carried out part of the experimental research, has shown interest in the behaviour of soybean oil for use as coolant, quenchant and lubricant formulations because it is a biodegradable renewable basestock and it represents 95% of all seed oil production in the country. While the quenching characteristics of a large variety of commercially available formulas and blends of mineral oils are well known, vegetable oils as quenchants are still under study. An increasing number of studies have been carried out on vegetable oils to study quenching characteristics such as: cooling mechanism, heat transfer, wetting behaviour, spread activation energy, quench severity, oxidation stability, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitor additives. Some computational studies have also been performed to simulate the residual stresses that arise after quenching the steels in mineral oil and vegetable oil quenchants but no experimental results are reported yet. The objective of this work is to measure and compare the experimental results of residual stresses and distortions that arise after quenching a steel into two commercially available petroleum-derived oils and six different vegetable oils. The coolants used are a medium-speed and an accelerated mineral oil, soybean oil, epoxidized soybean oil, fatty acid methyl ester and blends of epoxidized soybean oil with fatty acid methyl ester. The results obtained show that the residual stresses and the distortions are affected by the cooling characteristics of the oils. The residual stresses and the deformations of the samples are particularly influenced by the heat transfer coefficient in correspondence of the ferrite-perlite, bainite, and the martensitic transformation temperature. The time interval in which the steel remains between Ms e Mf is also an important parameter that contributes to the residual stresses and the distortions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/86501