This work is devoted to the design of the miniaturized Fourier Transform Spectrometer “MicroMIMA” (micro Mars Infrared MApper), intended to be mounted on a descending module to Mars of the ESA mission “ExoMars 2016. The scientific goal of the instrument is the spectral characterization and monitoring of the Martian atmosphere, bound to investigate its composition, minor species abundances and evolution during time. The spectral resolution of MicroMIMA is of 2 cm-1 (with the option to be extended up to 1 cm-1) that allows to recognize the spectral features of the main elements of interest in the atmosphere and in particular to assess methane abundance with ppb resolution. The instrument mechanical design constraints are quite strict: limited mass, size and power budget; high stress resistance for the landing shock; withstanding of severe environmental conditions without any power for thermal control; resistance for strong vibrations of the high acceleration levels in wide frequency range. The optimal instrument configuration has been set in order to achieve the highest sensitivity in the 2 to 5 µm spectral range, along with the reduction of possible noise, i.e. the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) has been used as figure of merit. The theoretical SNR has been maximized starting from the analytical expressions for Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance. NESR reduction was achieved by means of the optical layout geometry optimization and by selection of optical elements that offer highest efficiencies for the instrument wavenumber range of interest. Afterwards for the proposed optical layout we performed evaluation of the theoretical SNR for different application cases: laboratory observations by the instrument on the Earth and actual acquisition of Martian atmosphere spectrum during the mission have been cosidered. The instrument model design was supported by finite element analyses the static and dynamic loads during launch and landing of the system, as well as thermoelastic analysis for the thermal field during operating process and the resulting optical misalignments. Moreover, an optimization of the vibrational isolation system was performed. An instrument mock-up has been created in order to evaluate the optical layout performances. This mock-up was simplified from the structural point of view but with detailed representation of mounting, regulation and positioning of optical elements and piezoactuator group. Its assembly, adjustment and a set of preliminary verifications has been made using the infrared lamp as a radiation source. Also an innovative data treatment technique has been elaborated, which allows correcting the spectral data of FTS instruments from mechanical disturbance effects, starting from the single spectrum. Such a technique increases the spatial resolution of the mapping process and becomes crucial when the desired information is linked to a particular mapping area associated to an individual spectrum. An explicit analytical model was created to describe the formation process of vibration borne spectral ghosts, and a semi-blind deconvolution method was proposed for the data correction. It consisted in an iterative numerical algorithm of the series of consecutive deconvolutions. The general problem of the data post-processing was subdivided into three separate sub-problems: definition of the vibration kernel, recovering of the original spectrum from the distorted one and the results validation. Finally the technique was tested on the data from the PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express 2003) and the algorithm proved to be consistent according to the selected efficiency criteria (coming from the available general information about the signal spectral shape).
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è la progettazione di uno spettrometro a Trasformata di Fourier miniaturizzato, denominato MicroMIMA (micro Mars Infrared MApper). Lo strumento è stato progettato per essere montato su un modulo di discesa della missione ESA “ExoMars 2016”. Il suo scopo è osservare l'atmosfera marziana dopo l'atterraggio per studiare la composizione. La risoluzione spettrale dello strumento è 2 cm-1 (con la possibilità di incrementarla fino a 1 cm-1), che è sufficiente per riconoscere le linee di assorbimento dei principali componenti della atmosfera. I vincoli di progettazione meccanica dello strumento erano: - peso, dimensioni e potenza limitati; - elevata resistenza a stress meccanici per sopportare l’urto dell’atterraggio; - sopportare le severe condizioni ambientali senza utilizzo di potenza per la regolazione termica; - resistenza alle vibrazioni di ampiezza elevata in banda larga generate al lancio. La configurazione ottimale dello strumento è stata concepita per ottenere la più alta sensibilità e il minor rumore possibile nell’intervallo spettrale fra 2 e 5 µm. La massimizzazione del rapporto segnale-rumore è stata raggiunta ottimizzando la geometria ottica e selezionando i componenti ottici con la maggiore efficienza. Il rapporto segnale/rumore per il layout proposto è stato valutato per le applicazioni di laboratorio sulla Terra e nella missione su Marte. La progettazione del modello è stata supportata da analisi a elementi finiti simulando i carichi statici e dinamici durante il lancio e l'atterraggio del sistema e da analisi termo-elastiche per il campo termico durante il processo di funzionamento. In più è stata realizzata l’ottimizzazione del sistema d’isolamento dalle vibrazioni. È stato progettato un modello dimostrativo per verificare le caratteristiche operative dello strumento, che è stato semplificato dal punto di vista strutturale, ma con la ricostruzione dettagliata del layout ottico. Sono stati eseguiti il suo assemblaggio, l’allineamento e i test preliminari. È stata inoltre elaborata una tecnica innovativa per il trattamento dei dati dello spettrometro a Trasformata di Fourier con lo scopo di ridurre l’effetto delle vibrazioni meccaniche. Questa tecnica corregge gli spettri separatamente, consentendo di aumentando la risoluzione spaziale del processo di mappatura. Infine l’algoritmo è stato validato usando i dati del PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer a bordo di Mars Express 2003).
Design of a miniature infrared FTS for Mars observations
SHATALINA, IRINA
Abstract
This work is devoted to the design of the miniaturized Fourier Transform Spectrometer “MicroMIMA” (micro Mars Infrared MApper), intended to be mounted on a descending module to Mars of the ESA mission “ExoMars 2016. The scientific goal of the instrument is the spectral characterization and monitoring of the Martian atmosphere, bound to investigate its composition, minor species abundances and evolution during time. The spectral resolution of MicroMIMA is of 2 cm-1 (with the option to be extended up to 1 cm-1) that allows to recognize the spectral features of the main elements of interest in the atmosphere and in particular to assess methane abundance with ppb resolution. The instrument mechanical design constraints are quite strict: limited mass, size and power budget; high stress resistance for the landing shock; withstanding of severe environmental conditions without any power for thermal control; resistance for strong vibrations of the high acceleration levels in wide frequency range. The optimal instrument configuration has been set in order to achieve the highest sensitivity in the 2 to 5 µm spectral range, along with the reduction of possible noise, i.e. the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) has been used as figure of merit. The theoretical SNR has been maximized starting from the analytical expressions for Noise Equivalent Spectral Radiance. NESR reduction was achieved by means of the optical layout geometry optimization and by selection of optical elements that offer highest efficiencies for the instrument wavenumber range of interest. Afterwards for the proposed optical layout we performed evaluation of the theoretical SNR for different application cases: laboratory observations by the instrument on the Earth and actual acquisition of Martian atmosphere spectrum during the mission have been cosidered. The instrument model design was supported by finite element analyses the static and dynamic loads during launch and landing of the system, as well as thermoelastic analysis for the thermal field during operating process and the resulting optical misalignments. Moreover, an optimization of the vibrational isolation system was performed. An instrument mock-up has been created in order to evaluate the optical layout performances. This mock-up was simplified from the structural point of view but with detailed representation of mounting, regulation and positioning of optical elements and piezoactuator group. Its assembly, adjustment and a set of preliminary verifications has been made using the infrared lamp as a radiation source. Also an innovative data treatment technique has been elaborated, which allows correcting the spectral data of FTS instruments from mechanical disturbance effects, starting from the single spectrum. Such a technique increases the spatial resolution of the mapping process and becomes crucial when the desired information is linked to a particular mapping area associated to an individual spectrum. An explicit analytical model was created to describe the formation process of vibration borne spectral ghosts, and a semi-blind deconvolution method was proposed for the data correction. It consisted in an iterative numerical algorithm of the series of consecutive deconvolutions. The general problem of the data post-processing was subdivided into three separate sub-problems: definition of the vibration kernel, recovering of the original spectrum from the distorted one and the results validation. Finally the technique was tested on the data from the PFS (Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express 2003) and the algorithm proved to be consistent according to the selected efficiency criteria (coming from the available general information about the signal spectral shape).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/89829