This thesis work presents a new and simple method able to carry out the compatibilization between fluorinated compounds and non-fluorinated solvents and supports. This is possible exploiting the amphiphilic natural features of hydrophobins (HFBs), a class of protein from filamentous fungi. In this context, the whole thesis work has been divided in two big fields: during the first part it has been studied the capability of HFBs to emulsify FCs in aqueous solution for biomedical research purposes (19F-MRI research), while in the second part HFBs will be used as intermediate layer promoting the adhesion of FCs onto poorly reactive polymeric surfaces. In particular, the first part of the thesis work has been aimed at the design, synthesis and characterization of a fluorinated molecule able to be involved in 19F-MRI studies. The new synthetized compound have the highest number of chemically identical fluorine atoms (in order to exhibit a single MRI signal more intense than those provided by the currently used molecules) on a single and small molecular scaffold. Due to the high fluorine content, this molecule is expected to be basically insoluble in water, and therefore emulsions obtained both with standard procedures (lecithin and safflower oil) and by using HFBs as surfactant have been tested. The second part of the work was instead aimed at the investigation of the features of HFBs in the obtainment of a primer adhesive layer onto the surface of apolar polymers. This first layer is expected to substantially invert the wettability of the coated materials, making them pretty hydrophilic and exposing charges that depend on the environmental pH. In particular, either positive or negative charges will be exposed by the protein according to its isoelectric point (pI), that will be in this work experimentally measured. In the environmental conditions by which the protein is positively charged (pH < pI), the capability of the HFB-coated surface to engage in non-covalent, pH-dependent electrostatic interactions with FCs, exposing at the same pH negative charges, will be investigated. The FC will be selected from the PFPEs class, due to the better environmental compliance of these compounds compared to fully fluorinated materials, and will have in the structure some ionizable functional groups. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) experiments will be performed at different pH, in order to carefully measure the adsorbed mass of protein and PFPE onto hydrophobic crystals. The best experimental condition, according to the QCM studies, will be then applied also to functionalize the surfaces of commercially available hydrophobic polymers, in order to evaluate the applicability of the coating procedure at a higher scale. The coated surfaces will be in the end characterized by means of contact angle, AFM, FT-IR and RAMAN measurements. At the end, fluorinates moieties will be directly inserted to HFBs structure through covalent bonding, and the features of the modified proteins have been studied.
In questo lavoro di tesi viene presentato un metodo semplice e innovativo in grado di rendere possibile la compatibilizzazione tra composti fluorurati e solventi/supporti non fluorurati. Ciò è possibile sfruttando le eccezionale caratteristiche naturali delle idrofobine (HFBs), proteine anfifiliche prodotte da funghi filamentosi. In questo contesto, l'intero lavoro di tesi è stato suddiviso in due parti: nella prima parte è stata studiata la possibilità di emulsionare composti fluorurati in soluzione acquosa attraverso l’uso di idrofobine, ai fini di ricerca biomedica, mentre nella seconda parte le proteine sono state utilizzate come strato intermedio capace di promuovere l'adesione di composti fluorurati su superfici polimeriche scarsamente reattive. In particolare, la prima parte del lavoro di tesi è stata dedicata alla progettazione, sintesi e caratterizzazione di una molecola fluorurata in grado di essere utilizzata in studi di 19F-MRI. Il nuovo composto sintetizzato presenta atomi di fluoro chimicamente identici (per poter esibire un unico e intenso segnale NMR) su un singolo e piccolo scaffold molecolare. Dato l'elevato contenuto di fluoro, questa molecola è sostanzialmente insolubile in acqua, e quindi sono state testate emulsioni ottenute sia con procedure standard (lecitina e olio di cartamo) che usando HFBs come tensioattivo. La seconda parte del lavoro è stata invece finalizzata al deposito di HFBs sulla superficie di polimeri apolari, per ottenere uno strato (primer) adesivo. Questo primo strato è in grado di invertire la bagnabilità dei materiali rivestiti, rendendoli più idrofili. Cariche positive o negative saranno esposte dalla proteina deposta secondo il suo punto isoelettrico (pI). Lavorando a pH <pI, la proteina deposta su superfici risulterà carica positivamente, e sarà quindi in grado di interagire elettrostaticamente con composti fluorurati aventi cariche negative. Esperimenti QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) sono stati condotti a diversi pH, al fine di misurare accuratamente sia la massa adsorbita di proteina che quella del composto fluorurato su superfici idrofobiche. La migliore condizione sperimentale, secondo gli studi QCM, è stata poi applicata anche per funzionalizzare superfici polimeriche commerciali, al fine di valutare l'applicabilità del procedimento di rivestimento a scala maggiore. Tutte le superfici rivestite sono state caratterizzate tramite angolo di contatto, AFM, FT-IR e misurazioni RAMAN.
Joining dissimilar materials by using protein interphases
GAZZERA, LARA
Abstract
This thesis work presents a new and simple method able to carry out the compatibilization between fluorinated compounds and non-fluorinated solvents and supports. This is possible exploiting the amphiphilic natural features of hydrophobins (HFBs), a class of protein from filamentous fungi. In this context, the whole thesis work has been divided in two big fields: during the first part it has been studied the capability of HFBs to emulsify FCs in aqueous solution for biomedical research purposes (19F-MRI research), while in the second part HFBs will be used as intermediate layer promoting the adhesion of FCs onto poorly reactive polymeric surfaces. In particular, the first part of the thesis work has been aimed at the design, synthesis and characterization of a fluorinated molecule able to be involved in 19F-MRI studies. The new synthetized compound have the highest number of chemically identical fluorine atoms (in order to exhibit a single MRI signal more intense than those provided by the currently used molecules) on a single and small molecular scaffold. Due to the high fluorine content, this molecule is expected to be basically insoluble in water, and therefore emulsions obtained both with standard procedures (lecithin and safflower oil) and by using HFBs as surfactant have been tested. The second part of the work was instead aimed at the investigation of the features of HFBs in the obtainment of a primer adhesive layer onto the surface of apolar polymers. This first layer is expected to substantially invert the wettability of the coated materials, making them pretty hydrophilic and exposing charges that depend on the environmental pH. In particular, either positive or negative charges will be exposed by the protein according to its isoelectric point (pI), that will be in this work experimentally measured. In the environmental conditions by which the protein is positively charged (pH < pI), the capability of the HFB-coated surface to engage in non-covalent, pH-dependent electrostatic interactions with FCs, exposing at the same pH negative charges, will be investigated. The FC will be selected from the PFPEs class, due to the better environmental compliance of these compounds compared to fully fluorinated materials, and will have in the structure some ionizable functional groups. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) experiments will be performed at different pH, in order to carefully measure the adsorbed mass of protein and PFPE onto hydrophobic crystals. The best experimental condition, according to the QCM studies, will be then applied also to functionalize the surfaces of commercially available hydrophobic polymers, in order to evaluate the applicability of the coating procedure at a higher scale. The coated surfaces will be in the end characterized by means of contact angle, AFM, FT-IR and RAMAN measurements. At the end, fluorinates moieties will be directly inserted to HFBs structure through covalent bonding, and the features of the modified proteins have been studied.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/98426