That of poly(3-alkylthiophene) is a family of conjugated semicrystalline polymers for organic electronic applications. Crucial for the fine-tuning of such systems is a detailed understanding of the correlation between molecular structure/morphology and electronic properties. However, a series of a priori assumptions is commonly made in order to deduce macromolecular-scale geometric and energetic features from those of rather small analogous molecular systems. Alkyl side chains are routinely shortened (if not systematically removed) during high-accuracy ab initio calculations in order to reduce their conformational space. In this thesis it will be shown how taking into consideration the full conformational problem of a relatively short aliphatic side chain (six carbon atoms) reveals such alkyl chains are allowed to fold to the aromatic ring thanks to a network of noncovalent interactions involving thiophene’s π-system and several aliphatic C−H bonds of the side chain, allowing for a selection of novel repeat unit configurations compatible with packing requirements typical of crystalline regioregular P3HT structural models to be recommended. Further investigation on a large data set revealed this is not an exclusive occurrence in alkylthiophene systems. Investigation of a covalent dimer model of regioregular head-to-tail P3HT also provided information on the effect of side chains on the tendency of poly(alkylthiophene) chains toward or against planarity in the absence of crystal packing constraints. It was found that side chains can readily interact with both thiophene rings. It is thus proposed that intramolecular interactions of the side chain with up to the second-nearest-ring compete with both extended π-conjugation and intermolecular interactions in the assessment of chain conformation in the bulk material, instead. Side chain energetics were found to be of such relevance to inter-ring torsions along the backbone that cis configurations are mostly on par with trans ones from an energetic point of view. This occurrence was further developed within the frame of chain folding in thiophene-based conducting polymers. A statistical investigation of chain folding at the crystallite/bulk interface in semicrystalline regioregular P3HT was carried out using an in-house developed rigid coarse-grained model. Single chain originating from a specific lattice point on a series of flat crystal/amorphous interfaces (obtained from experimental observation of lamellar edges orientation) were systematically generated using a selection of building blocks obtained from ab initio calculations. Unique sequences consisting of up to 10 repeat units were tested under the approximation of small deviations from optimal folding-chain/lattice-point contact, which would lead to reasonably small energetic penalties after geometry refinement. It was demonstrated that chain folding in P3HT is likely to occur in any available direction rather than just as an in-plane segment of units connecting adjacent chains in the crystalline domain as usually depicted.
Quella dei poli(3-alchiltiofeni) è una famiglia di polimeri semiconduttori che trova numerose e importanti applicazioni nell'elettronica organica. Una conoscenza dettagliata della relazione tra morfologia degli strati attivi e prestazioni dei dispositivi è alla base dell'ingegnerizzazione di nuovi materiali ad alte prestazioni. Purtroppo la propagazione degli errori dovuti alle approssimazioni degli approcci multi-scala necessari al trattamento e alla modellazione teorica di questa tipologia di materiali è imprevedibile, e perfino le assunzioni più elementari possono portare a risultati errati. In questa tesi viene affrontato il problema dell’analisi dello spazio conformazionale delle così dette catene laterali, sostituenti alifatici utilizzati per impartire solubilità nei più comuni solventi organici. Queste catene sono tipicamente ritenute, dal punto di vista strutturale, di secondaria importanza, motivo per cui sono comunemente rimosse dai modelli molecolari prima di effettuare calcoli ab initio. Considerando il problema conformazionale della catena laterale del poli(3-esiltiofene) (P3HT) nella sua interezza, si dimostra come gli aspetti energetici di tali residui alifatici si discostino da quelli di una comune paraffina lineare. Una rete di interazioni non covalenti stabilita tra il sistema π dell'anello aromatico e i primi gruppi metilenici della catena alchilica portano a isomeri stabili caratterizzati da catene laterali ritorte sull'anello, ma ancora compatibili con i vincoli relativi all'impaccamento di cristalli di P3HT in forma I. Ulteriori analisi hanno rivelato che non si tratta di un fenomeno esclusivo negli alchiltiofeni. Lo studio di un dimero mono-sostituito, preso come building block per il P3HT regio regolare, ha inoltre dimostrato che l'interazione tra catena laterale e catena principale è tale da competere con l'interazione sterica tra tiofeni consecutivi, che quindi non dipende unicamente dall'estensione della coniugazione lungo la catena principale e dall'interazione con altre macromolecole nel solido. Questo studio ha anche evidenziato l'esistenza di stati stabili con un angolo inter-anello minore di 90°, pressoché isoenergetici alle più comuni configurazioni con angoli torsionali lungo la catena maggiori di 90°. I risvolti di questo risultato sono stati investigati nell'ottica del chain folding in film sottili di P3HT tramite un modello coarse-grained, mostrando come simili fenomeni possano manifestarsi in un gran numero di modalità differenti contrariamente a quanto finora riportato.
Molecular modeling of organic functional materials
BAGGIOLI, ALBERTO
Abstract
That of poly(3-alkylthiophene) is a family of conjugated semicrystalline polymers for organic electronic applications. Crucial for the fine-tuning of such systems is a detailed understanding of the correlation between molecular structure/morphology and electronic properties. However, a series of a priori assumptions is commonly made in order to deduce macromolecular-scale geometric and energetic features from those of rather small analogous molecular systems. Alkyl side chains are routinely shortened (if not systematically removed) during high-accuracy ab initio calculations in order to reduce their conformational space. In this thesis it will be shown how taking into consideration the full conformational problem of a relatively short aliphatic side chain (six carbon atoms) reveals such alkyl chains are allowed to fold to the aromatic ring thanks to a network of noncovalent interactions involving thiophene’s π-system and several aliphatic C−H bonds of the side chain, allowing for a selection of novel repeat unit configurations compatible with packing requirements typical of crystalline regioregular P3HT structural models to be recommended. Further investigation on a large data set revealed this is not an exclusive occurrence in alkylthiophene systems. Investigation of a covalent dimer model of regioregular head-to-tail P3HT also provided information on the effect of side chains on the tendency of poly(alkylthiophene) chains toward or against planarity in the absence of crystal packing constraints. It was found that side chains can readily interact with both thiophene rings. It is thus proposed that intramolecular interactions of the side chain with up to the second-nearest-ring compete with both extended π-conjugation and intermolecular interactions in the assessment of chain conformation in the bulk material, instead. Side chain energetics were found to be of such relevance to inter-ring torsions along the backbone that cis configurations are mostly on par with trans ones from an energetic point of view. This occurrence was further developed within the frame of chain folding in thiophene-based conducting polymers. A statistical investigation of chain folding at the crystallite/bulk interface in semicrystalline regioregular P3HT was carried out using an in-house developed rigid coarse-grained model. Single chain originating from a specific lattice point on a series of flat crystal/amorphous interfaces (obtained from experimental observation of lamellar edges orientation) were systematically generated using a selection of building blocks obtained from ab initio calculations. Unique sequences consisting of up to 10 repeat units were tested under the approximation of small deviations from optimal folding-chain/lattice-point contact, which would lead to reasonably small energetic penalties after geometry refinement. It was demonstrated that chain folding in P3HT is likely to occur in any available direction rather than just as an in-plane segment of units connecting adjacent chains in the crystalline domain as usually depicted.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/99703