Cities in the Middle East and North Africa, like cities in other parts of the world, are experienc-ing an unprecedented wave of urbanization. As per the UN 2014 report, the world population in the urban areas will increase from 54% to 66% by 2050. The speed of growth brings out a great chal-lenge for all those involved in the design, planning, construction, and management of the built envi-ronment in order to provide sustainable and livable cities for all people. The challenge of this devel-opment is how to control sustainability in all aspects of the city life. The challenges are also so di-verse that sustaining cities will not be possible without external multidisciplinary interventions. The complex process of city transformation has to take into consideration problematic topics connected to a better quality of life for the citizens, green solutions for the reduction of the CO2 levels and in this research, also strategies of mitigating urban heat islands as a way of contributing in a direct and indirect way to a better quality of life. [1] The cooling loads of buildings in Abu Dhabi can be reduced by following different strategies. Some of them are: educating the community on the benefits of energy saving, replacing non-efficient energy management systems with innovative ones, and indirectly by proposing strategies to mitigate the heat island. The speed of urban growth in Abu Dhabi brings about a great challenge to all the professionals involved in its design, planning and construction. The citizens are also indirectly involved in the expansion of the city. Abu Dhabi has a hot, arid climate with fresh winter and very hot and humid summer, therefore building in this city requires a deeper analysis and expertise. The downtown area developed without carefully considering factors contributing to the increase of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) levels. UHI is characterized by higher values of air temperature compared to rural areas. The relative humidity may increase at different times of the day creating short term urban moisture islands. The main contributors to this effect are: the radiation trapped in the urban canyon, the thermal properties of the buildings and the streets, the anthropogenic heat emitted from the traffic, AC waste heat rejection in the canyon etc. Among the different UHI mitigation strate-gies: such as cool roof, cool facades, innovative pavement and asphalt materials, shading trees etc., the urban shading devices combined with the one of the above strategies is an interesting and inno-vative approach. The aim of this research is to show that such proposed strategy not only improves the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), but also improves the urban microclimate, there-fore reducing the cooling load of the buildings. The outdoor thermal comfort (in this research represented by PET) is an important parameter to measure the quality of life in a metropolitan city such as Abu Dhabi. The energy used in buildings worldwide can reach 40%. In UAE 80% of the annual electricity consumption goes to the buildings and 70% of the peak electricity demand can be traced back to cooling. The highest range of the cooling load is between the timeline of 12.00-14.00. [2][3][4][5] Considering the above, the proposed mitigation strategies have a crucial role in the city develop-ment plan. Five main district typologies from the downtown area where the UHI effect is more sig-nificant are taken into consideration. Among these five areas, the focus of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are: the mid-rise/high rise district and the villa district. The particular selec-tion of these two zones is due to the information gathered (building and environment properties), the site access, and the representative typology of the district (the largest number of districts in Abu Dhabi are falling into these categories). According to the area of focus (outdoor thermal comfort or building cooling load), there are different softwares used in this research. Mainly, CFD tools such as ENVI-met and others (numerical, python language) like Grasshopper (that uses Energy Plus for its simulations) are used. Having already had a coupled model that combines the environmental condi-tions with the building energy consumption, the methodology followed here is by using a decoupled model. Meaning, analyzing the outdoor surrounding environment separately and bringing the results as an input for the building cooling load calculation. Making small interventions in each district can bring about a considerable improvement in the quality of life of the citizens, outdoor comfort and cooling load reduction. By implementing a pro-posed strategy that combines shading, vegetation and cool materials, the city can reach its goals to-ward the Abu Dhabi 2030 sustainability plan.

Città del Medio Oriente e Nord Africa, come le città in altre parti del mondo, stanna passando un periodo di grande sviluppo urbano. Secondo per il rapporto delle Nazioni Unite 2014, la popolazione mondiale nelle aree urbane aumenterà dal 54% al 66% entro il 2050. La velocità di crescita mette in una grande sfida per tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nella progettazione, pianificazione, la costruzione e la gestione del ambinete costruito e al fine di creare una citta sostenibile. La sfida di questo sviluppo è come controllare la sostenibilità in tutti gli aspetti della vita della città. Ggli interventi multi siciplinari dalla parte del govereno sono indispensabili per le citta in via di sviluppo. Il complesso processo di trasformazione della città deve prendere in considerazione le problematiche legati ad una migliore qualità della vita per i cittadini, soluzioni verdi per la riduzione dei livelli di CO2 e in questa ricerca, anche le strategie di mitigazione isola di calore come un modo di contribuire in modo diretto e indiretto per una migliore qualità di vita. Il comfort termico esterno (in questa ricerca rappresentata da PET) è un parametro importante per misurare la qualità della vita in una città metropolitana come Abu Dhabi. L'energia utilizzata negli edifici in tutto il mondo può raggiungere il 40%. Nei UAE 80% del consumo annuo di elettricità va agli edifici e il 70% della domanda di picco di energia elettrica può risalire al raffreddamento. La più alta gamma del carico di raffreddamento è tra la linea temporale di 12.00-14.00. Considerato quanto sopra, le strategie di mitigazione proposte hanno un ruolo cruciale nell piano di sviluppo della citta. Cinque principali tipologie di distretto dal centro della città in cui l'effetto UHI è più significativo vengono presi in considerazione. Tra queste cinque aree, l'attenzione dei modelli Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) sono: il quartiere con edifici misti di alto livello e di medio livello, il distretto delle ville. La particolare selezione di queste due zone è dovuta alle informazioni raccolte (edilizia e ambiente), l'accesso del sito, e la tipologia rappresentante del distretto (il maggior numero di distretti a Abu Dhabi sono in calo in queste categorie). Secondo l'area di messa a fuoco (outdoor comodità o raffreddamento edificio termica), esistono diversi software utilizzati in questa ricerca. Principalmente, vengono utilizzati strumenti di CFD quali ENVI-Met e altri (numerico, linguaggio Python) come Grasshopper (che utilizza Energy Plus per le sue simulazioni). Avendo già avuto un modello accoppiato che combina le condizioni ambientali con il consumo energetico dell'edificio. La metodologia seguita qui è quello di utilizzare un modello disaccoppiato. Analizzando l'ambiente circostante esterno separatamente e portando i risultati come input per il calcolo del raffreddamento dell'edificio. Fare piccoli interventi in ciascun distretto può determinare un notevole miglioramento della qualità della vita dei cittadini, il comfort all'aperto e riduzzione del energia usata per il raffreddamento degli edifici. Con l'implementazione di una strategia che combina l'ombreggiatura, vegetazione e materiali rifletenti, la città può raggiungere i suoi obiettivi per il Piano di Sostenibilità di Abu Dhabi 2030.

Heat island mitigation strategies, with focus on the urban shading devices. The case study of Abu Dhabi Main Island, United Arab Emirates

BANDE, LINDITA

Abstract

Cities in the Middle East and North Africa, like cities in other parts of the world, are experienc-ing an unprecedented wave of urbanization. As per the UN 2014 report, the world population in the urban areas will increase from 54% to 66% by 2050. The speed of growth brings out a great chal-lenge for all those involved in the design, planning, construction, and management of the built envi-ronment in order to provide sustainable and livable cities for all people. The challenge of this devel-opment is how to control sustainability in all aspects of the city life. The challenges are also so di-verse that sustaining cities will not be possible without external multidisciplinary interventions. The complex process of city transformation has to take into consideration problematic topics connected to a better quality of life for the citizens, green solutions for the reduction of the CO2 levels and in this research, also strategies of mitigating urban heat islands as a way of contributing in a direct and indirect way to a better quality of life. [1] The cooling loads of buildings in Abu Dhabi can be reduced by following different strategies. Some of them are: educating the community on the benefits of energy saving, replacing non-efficient energy management systems with innovative ones, and indirectly by proposing strategies to mitigate the heat island. The speed of urban growth in Abu Dhabi brings about a great challenge to all the professionals involved in its design, planning and construction. The citizens are also indirectly involved in the expansion of the city. Abu Dhabi has a hot, arid climate with fresh winter and very hot and humid summer, therefore building in this city requires a deeper analysis and expertise. The downtown area developed without carefully considering factors contributing to the increase of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) levels. UHI is characterized by higher values of air temperature compared to rural areas. The relative humidity may increase at different times of the day creating short term urban moisture islands. The main contributors to this effect are: the radiation trapped in the urban canyon, the thermal properties of the buildings and the streets, the anthropogenic heat emitted from the traffic, AC waste heat rejection in the canyon etc. Among the different UHI mitigation strate-gies: such as cool roof, cool facades, innovative pavement and asphalt materials, shading trees etc., the urban shading devices combined with the one of the above strategies is an interesting and inno-vative approach. The aim of this research is to show that such proposed strategy not only improves the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), but also improves the urban microclimate, there-fore reducing the cooling load of the buildings. The outdoor thermal comfort (in this research represented by PET) is an important parameter to measure the quality of life in a metropolitan city such as Abu Dhabi. The energy used in buildings worldwide can reach 40%. In UAE 80% of the annual electricity consumption goes to the buildings and 70% of the peak electricity demand can be traced back to cooling. The highest range of the cooling load is between the timeline of 12.00-14.00. [2][3][4][5] Considering the above, the proposed mitigation strategies have a crucial role in the city develop-ment plan. Five main district typologies from the downtown area where the UHI effect is more sig-nificant are taken into consideration. Among these five areas, the focus of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are: the mid-rise/high rise district and the villa district. The particular selec-tion of these two zones is due to the information gathered (building and environment properties), the site access, and the representative typology of the district (the largest number of districts in Abu Dhabi are falling into these categories). According to the area of focus (outdoor thermal comfort or building cooling load), there are different softwares used in this research. Mainly, CFD tools such as ENVI-met and others (numerical, python language) like Grasshopper (that uses Energy Plus for its simulations) are used. Having already had a coupled model that combines the environmental condi-tions with the building energy consumption, the methodology followed here is by using a decoupled model. Meaning, analyzing the outdoor surrounding environment separately and bringing the results as an input for the building cooling load calculation. Making small interventions in each district can bring about a considerable improvement in the quality of life of the citizens, outdoor comfort and cooling load reduction. By implementing a pro-posed strategy that combines shading, vegetation and cool materials, the city can reach its goals to-ward the Abu Dhabi 2030 sustainability plan.
Campo DC Valore Lingua
dc.collection.id.s a81cb057-a56e-616b-e053-1605fe0a889a *
dc.collection.name Tesi di Dottorato *
dc.contributor.advisor AFSHARI, AFSHIN -
dc.contributor.advisor PAOLINI, RICCARDO -
dc.contributor.advisor POLI, TIZIANA -
dc.contributor.author BANDE, LINDITA -
dc.contributor.supervisor RONCA, PAOLA -
dc.date.issued 2017-03-30 -
dc.description.abstracteng Cities in the Middle East and North Africa, like cities in other parts of the world, are experienc-ing an unprecedented wave of urbanization. As per the UN 2014 report, the world population in the urban areas will increase from 54% to 66% by 2050. The speed of growth brings out a great chal-lenge for all those involved in the design, planning, construction, and management of the built envi-ronment in order to provide sustainable and livable cities for all people. The challenge of this devel-opment is how to control sustainability in all aspects of the city life. The challenges are also so di-verse that sustaining cities will not be possible without external multidisciplinary interventions. The complex process of city transformation has to take into consideration problematic topics connected to a better quality of life for the citizens, green solutions for the reduction of the CO2 levels and in this research, also strategies of mitigating urban heat islands as a way of contributing in a direct and indirect way to a better quality of life. [1] The cooling loads of buildings in Abu Dhabi can be reduced by following different strategies. Some of them are: educating the community on the benefits of energy saving, replacing non-efficient energy management systems with innovative ones, and indirectly by proposing strategies to mitigate the heat island. The speed of urban growth in Abu Dhabi brings about a great challenge to all the professionals involved in its design, planning and construction. The citizens are also indirectly involved in the expansion of the city. Abu Dhabi has a hot, arid climate with fresh winter and very hot and humid summer, therefore building in this city requires a deeper analysis and expertise. The downtown area developed without carefully considering factors contributing to the increase of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) levels. UHI is characterized by higher values of air temperature compared to rural areas. The relative humidity may increase at different times of the day creating short term urban moisture islands. The main contributors to this effect are: the radiation trapped in the urban canyon, the thermal properties of the buildings and the streets, the anthropogenic heat emitted from the traffic, AC waste heat rejection in the canyon etc. Among the different UHI mitigation strate-gies: such as cool roof, cool facades, innovative pavement and asphalt materials, shading trees etc., the urban shading devices combined with the one of the above strategies is an interesting and inno-vative approach. The aim of this research is to show that such proposed strategy not only improves the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), but also improves the urban microclimate, there-fore reducing the cooling load of the buildings. The outdoor thermal comfort (in this research represented by PET) is an important parameter to measure the quality of life in a metropolitan city such as Abu Dhabi. The energy used in buildings worldwide can reach 40%. In UAE 80% of the annual electricity consumption goes to the buildings and 70% of the peak electricity demand can be traced back to cooling. The highest range of the cooling load is between the timeline of 12.00-14.00. [2][3][4][5] Considering the above, the proposed mitigation strategies have a crucial role in the city develop-ment plan. Five main district typologies from the downtown area where the UHI effect is more sig-nificant are taken into consideration. Among these five areas, the focus of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models are: the mid-rise/high rise district and the villa district. The particular selec-tion of these two zones is due to the information gathered (building and environment properties), the site access, and the representative typology of the district (the largest number of districts in Abu Dhabi are falling into these categories). According to the area of focus (outdoor thermal comfort or building cooling load), there are different softwares used in this research. Mainly, CFD tools such as ENVI-met and others (numerical, python language) like Grasshopper (that uses Energy Plus for its simulations) are used. Having already had a coupled model that combines the environmental condi-tions with the building energy consumption, the methodology followed here is by using a decoupled model. Meaning, analyzing the outdoor surrounding environment separately and bringing the results as an input for the building cooling load calculation. Making small interventions in each district can bring about a considerable improvement in the quality of life of the citizens, outdoor comfort and cooling load reduction. By implementing a pro-posed strategy that combines shading, vegetation and cool materials, the city can reach its goals to-ward the Abu Dhabi 2030 sustainability plan. it_IT
dc.description.abstractita Città del Medio Oriente e Nord Africa, come le città in altre parti del mondo, stanna passando un periodo di grande sviluppo urbano. Secondo per il rapporto delle Nazioni Unite 2014, la popolazione mondiale nelle aree urbane aumenterà dal 54% al 66% entro il 2050. La velocità di crescita mette in una grande sfida per tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nella progettazione, pianificazione, la costruzione e la gestione del ambinete costruito e al fine di creare una citta sostenibile. La sfida di questo sviluppo è come controllare la sostenibilità in tutti gli aspetti della vita della città. Ggli interventi multi siciplinari dalla parte del govereno sono indispensabili per le citta in via di sviluppo. Il complesso processo di trasformazione della città deve prendere in considerazione le problematiche legati ad una migliore qualità della vita per i cittadini, soluzioni verdi per la riduzione dei livelli di CO2 e in questa ricerca, anche le strategie di mitigazione isola di calore come un modo di contribuire in modo diretto e indiretto per una migliore qualità di vita. Il comfort termico esterno (in questa ricerca rappresentata da PET) è un parametro importante per misurare la qualità della vita in una città metropolitana come Abu Dhabi. L'energia utilizzata negli edifici in tutto il mondo può raggiungere il 40%. Nei UAE 80% del consumo annuo di elettricità va agli edifici e il 70% della domanda di picco di energia elettrica può risalire al raffreddamento. La più alta gamma del carico di raffreddamento è tra la linea temporale di 12.00-14.00. Considerato quanto sopra, le strategie di mitigazione proposte hanno un ruolo cruciale nell piano di sviluppo della citta. Cinque principali tipologie di distretto dal centro della città in cui l'effetto UHI è più significativo vengono presi in considerazione. Tra queste cinque aree, l'attenzione dei modelli Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) sono: il quartiere con edifici misti di alto livello e di medio livello, il distretto delle ville. La particolare selezione di queste due zone è dovuta alle informazioni raccolte (edilizia e ambiente), l'accesso del sito, e la tipologia rappresentante del distretto (il maggior numero di distretti a Abu Dhabi sono in calo in queste categorie). Secondo l'area di messa a fuoco (outdoor comodità o raffreddamento edificio termica), esistono diversi software utilizzati in questa ricerca. Principalmente, vengono utilizzati strumenti di CFD quali ENVI-Met e altri (numerico, linguaggio Python) come Grasshopper (che utilizza Energy Plus per le sue simulazioni). Avendo già avuto un modello accoppiato che combina le condizioni ambientali con il consumo energetico dell'edificio. La metodologia seguita qui è quello di utilizzare un modello disaccoppiato. Analizzando l'ambiente circostante esterno separatamente e portando i risultati come input per il calcolo del raffreddamento dell'edificio. Fare piccoli interventi in ciascun distretto può determinare un notevole miglioramento della qualità della vita dei cittadini, il comfort all'aperto e riduzzione del energia usata per il raffreddamento degli edifici. Con l'implementazione di una strategia che combina l'ombreggiatura, vegetazione e materiali rifletenti, la città può raggiungere i suoi obiettivi per il Piano di Sostenibilità di Abu Dhabi 2030. it_IT
dc.description.coordinator DE ANGELIS, ENRICO -
dc.description.cycle 29 it_IT
dc.description.researchstructure DIPARTIMENTO DI ARCHITETTURA, INGEGNERIA DELLE COSTRUZIONI E AMBIENTE COSTRUITO it_IT
dc.description.tutor DEL BO, ADALBERTO -
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10589/132660 -
dc.language.iso eng it_IT
dc.publisher.country Italy it_IT
dc.publisher.name Politecnico di Milano it_IT
dc.publisher.place Milano it_IT
dc.relation.course ARCHITETTURA, INGEGNERIA DELLE COSTRUZIONI E AMBIENTE COSTRUITO / ARCHITECTURE, BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING it_IT
dc.subject.keywordseng heat island effect; urban shading devices; mitigation strategy; site measurements; sustainability it_IT
dc.subject.keywordsita effetto isola di calore; dispositivi di ombreggiatura urbani; strategia di mitigazione; le misurazioni del sito; la sostenibilità it_IT
dc.subject.miur ICAR/09 TECNICA DELLE COSTRUZIONI it_IT
dc.subject.singlekeyword heat island effect *
dc.subject.singlekeyword urban shading devices *
dc.subject.singlekeyword mitigation strategy *
dc.subject.singlekeyword site measurements *
dc.subject.singlekeyword sustainability *
dc.subject.singlekeyword effetto isola di calore *
dc.subject.singlekeyword dispositivi di ombreggiatura urbani *
dc.subject.singlekeyword strategia di mitigazione *
dc.subject.singlekeyword le misurazioni del sito *
dc.subject.singlekeyword la sostenibilità *
dc.title Heat island mitigation strategies, with focus on the urban shading devices. The case study of Abu Dhabi Main Island, United Arab Emirates it_IT
dc.type Tesi di dottorato it_IT
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10589/132660