The needs and objectives of contemporary design, especially in the last fifteen years, have changed and have been renewed to cope with current environmental problems. In the construction sector, the choice of thermal insulation is a decisive aspect and is the first step to contain consumption and, therefore, to build energy efficiently. Aware of the fact that choosing an insulating material is only one of the many factors that influence a project, the aim of the thesis was to show the potential and the critical aspects of three latest generation insulators: the Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP), the Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Thin Reflective insulation materials. The analysis compared these three ultraperforming insulation systems, starting from some aspects such as reduced thickness, application and installation, practicality, costs, energy consumption of the building and finally environmental impacts. After a study on a compositional level, a research was carried out to survey the buildings in which these three isolation systems were used and tested: the panorama examined is the European one of the last fifteen years, considering both redeveloped buildings and new buildings. Subsequently, the data were collected concerning the specific products of the major companies and suppliers, analyzing all their fields of application and evaluating how to install the products. This census concerned not only the specific characteristics of the product, but also the related costs; on the basis of the data obtained, the average prices for each category of insulation were then calculated. Finally, starting from a redevelopment of two residential buildings in Madrid, an LCA screening was carried out, starting from the Product Environmental Declarations of the façade system in three different cases. To the existing external wall, consisting of internal plaster and perforated bricks, an outer coat has been applied with three different materials, glass wool,VIP and heat-reflecting insulation, and related coatings. Since the study of their composition and structure, a difficulty has emerged in the comparison between the phase change materials and the other two ultraperforming insulators. This is because PCMs are a heat storage system in the form of microcapsules, integrated into different materials, unlike the VIP panels and heat-reflecting insulation that are presented as products with defined dimensions. Moreover, the census of the case studies and of the manufacturing companies showed that the PCMs were mainly applied in buildings for tertiary use and, often, in support of traditional insulators. A more in-depth analysis concerning the variety of phase change materials is necessary to make a comparison more effective, even in economic and environmental terms. The LCA screening evaluation focused on ten indicators: GWP (Global Warming Potential), ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), AP (Acidification Potential), EP (Eutrophication Potential), POCP (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential), ADP (Abiotic Depletion Potential) ), ADPF (Abiotic Depletion Potential for Fossil resources), PERT (Renewable Primary Energy), PENRT (Non-Renewable Primary Energy) and FW (Use of Net Fresh Water). The results obtained have allowed us to identify both the most impactful phases along the entire life cycle of the insulating materials, and the percentage of impact that each insulation and its coating has compared to the façade system. The study carried out can be integrated, for a greater completeness of information, with data on the impacts of the reuse and recycling phase.
Le esigenze e gli obiettivi della progettazione contemporanea, soprattutto negli ultimi quindici anni, sono cambiati e si sono rinnovati per far fronte alle problematiche ambientali attuali. Nel settore delle costruzioni, la scelta dell’isolamento termico rappresenta un aspetto determinante ed è il primo passo per contenere i consumi e, quindi, per costruire in modo energeticamente efficiente. Consapevoli del fatto che scegliere un materiale isolante è solo uno dei molteplici fattori che influenzano un progetto, l’obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di mostrare le potenzialità e le criticità di tre isolanti di ultima generazione: i Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP), i Phase Change Materials (PCM) e i Materiali Termoriflettenti. L’analisi ha messo a confronto questi tre sistemi di isolamento ultraperformanti, partendo da alcuni aspetti come lo spessore ridotto, l’applicazione e l’installazione, la praticità, i costi, i consumi energetici dell’edificio e infine gli impatti ambientali. Dopo uno studio a livello compositivo, è stata svolta una ricerca per censire gli edifici nei quali sono stati utilizzati e sperimentati questi tre sistemi di isolamento: il panorama esaminato è quello europeo degli ultimi quindici anni, considerando sia edifici riqualificati, che interventi di nuova costruzione. Successivamente, sono stati raccolti i dati riguardanti i prodotti specifici delle maggiori ditte e rifornitori, analizzando tutti i loro campi di applicazione e valutando le modalità di installazione dei prodotti. Questo censimento ha riguardato non solo le caratteristiche specifiche del prodotto, ma anche i relativi costi; sulla base dei dati reperiti, sono stati poi calcolati i prezzi medi per ciascuna categoria di isolante. Infine, a partire da un intervento di riqualificazione di due edifici residenziali a Madrid, è stata svolta una valutazione LCA screening, a partire dalle Dichiarazioni Ambientali di Prodotto del sistema facciata in tre casi differenti. Alla parete esterna esistente, composta da intonaco interno e mattoni forati, è stato applicato un cappotto esterno con tre materiali diversi, lana di vetro, VIP e isolanti termoriflettenti, e relativi rivestimenti. Fin dallo studio della loro composizione e struttura, è emersa una difficoltà nel confronto tra i materiali a cambiamento di fase e gli altri due isolanti ultraperformanti. Questo poiché i PCM sono un sistema di accumulo di calore sotto forma di microcapsule, integrate in diversi materiali, a differenza dei pannelli VIP e degli isolanti termoriflettenti che si presentano come prodotti con dimensioni definite. Inoltre, il censimento dei casi studio e delle ditte produttrici ha messo in evidenza che i PCM sono stati applicati prevalentemente negli edifici ad uso terziario e, spesso, a supporto di isolanti tradizionali. Un’analisi più approfondita riguardante la varietà dei materiali a cambiamento di fase è necessaria per poter fare un confronto più efficacie, anche in termini economici e ambientali.La valutazione LCA screening ha riguardato dieci indicatori: GWP (Global Warming Potential), ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), AP (Acidification Potential), EP (Eutrophication Potential), POCP (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential), ADP (Abiotic Depletion Potential), ADPF (Abiotic Depletion Potential for Fossil resources), PERT (Renewable Primary Energy), PENRT (Non-Renewable Primary Energy) e FW (Use of Net Fresh Water). I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di individuare sia le fasi più impattanti lungo l’intero ciclo di vita dei materiali isolanti, sia la percentuale di impatto che ciascun isolante e il suo rivestimento ha rispetto al sistema facciata. Lo studio svolto può essere integrato, per una maggiore completezza di informazioni, con i dati degli impatti della fase di riuso e riciclo.
Sistemi innovativi di isolamento termico a confronto : vacuum insulated panels, phase change materials, materiali termoriflettenti
DUCA, PAOLA;RONZONI, ROBERTA
2016/2017
Abstract
The needs and objectives of contemporary design, especially in the last fifteen years, have changed and have been renewed to cope with current environmental problems. In the construction sector, the choice of thermal insulation is a decisive aspect and is the first step to contain consumption and, therefore, to build energy efficiently. Aware of the fact that choosing an insulating material is only one of the many factors that influence a project, the aim of the thesis was to show the potential and the critical aspects of three latest generation insulators: the Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP), the Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Thin Reflective insulation materials. The analysis compared these three ultraperforming insulation systems, starting from some aspects such as reduced thickness, application and installation, practicality, costs, energy consumption of the building and finally environmental impacts. After a study on a compositional level, a research was carried out to survey the buildings in which these three isolation systems were used and tested: the panorama examined is the European one of the last fifteen years, considering both redeveloped buildings and new buildings. Subsequently, the data were collected concerning the specific products of the major companies and suppliers, analyzing all their fields of application and evaluating how to install the products. This census concerned not only the specific characteristics of the product, but also the related costs; on the basis of the data obtained, the average prices for each category of insulation were then calculated. Finally, starting from a redevelopment of two residential buildings in Madrid, an LCA screening was carried out, starting from the Product Environmental Declarations of the façade system in three different cases. To the existing external wall, consisting of internal plaster and perforated bricks, an outer coat has been applied with three different materials, glass wool,VIP and heat-reflecting insulation, and related coatings. Since the study of their composition and structure, a difficulty has emerged in the comparison between the phase change materials and the other two ultraperforming insulators. This is because PCMs are a heat storage system in the form of microcapsules, integrated into different materials, unlike the VIP panels and heat-reflecting insulation that are presented as products with defined dimensions. Moreover, the census of the case studies and of the manufacturing companies showed that the PCMs were mainly applied in buildings for tertiary use and, often, in support of traditional insulators. A more in-depth analysis concerning the variety of phase change materials is necessary to make a comparison more effective, even in economic and environmental terms. The LCA screening evaluation focused on ten indicators: GWP (Global Warming Potential), ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), AP (Acidification Potential), EP (Eutrophication Potential), POCP (Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential), ADP (Abiotic Depletion Potential) ), ADPF (Abiotic Depletion Potential for Fossil resources), PERT (Renewable Primary Energy), PENRT (Non-Renewable Primary Energy) and FW (Use of Net Fresh Water). The results obtained have allowed us to identify both the most impactful phases along the entire life cycle of the insulating materials, and the percentage of impact that each insulation and its coating has compared to the façade system. The study carried out can be integrated, for a greater completeness of information, with data on the impacts of the reuse and recycling phase.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/140674