Italy currently has about 21 GWp of installed photovoltaic power. According to the targets set by national plans and strategies on climate change this power must increase by 2.5 times by 2030 and by 10-15 times by 2050. To achieve these targets, the possibility of exploiting unused and marginal areas appears of great interest. The present thesis has evaluated the potential linked to areas connected to transport infrastructures (highways, railways and airports). With nearly 7,000 km of motorways, over 19,800 km of railways and more than 40 airports, Italy has a huge amount of potentially usable surfaces. The photovoltaic application possibilities evaluated for highways and railways are the areas in the buffer zones and the surfaces of the present noise barriers. For the airports are the unused areas within the airport grounds, the roofs of the buildings and the canopies covering the parking lots. Three different exploitation scenarios were evaluated. These are related to different levels of use of the available areas. The detailed analysis for the Lombardy region led to the quantification of the suitable surfaces located in the buffer zones of motorways and railways (through GIS processing) and to the collection of a set of data related to the noise barriers installed on the motorways and to airport areas. The estimates at the national level are based on extrapolations of the values found at the regional level. From the estimates obtained, it can be seen that the maximum potential contribution of the aforementioned areas connected to transport infrastructures is very significant, at a national level equal to approximately 49 GWp in the scenario of maximum exploitation. For Lombardy, for which a detailed study was conducted, in the same exploitation scenario an energy production of approximately 6.76 TWh / year is estimated (obtainable from the installation of 5.62 GWp). The use of the buffer zones of motorways and railways provides a largely preponderant contribution, equal to a maximum energy production of approximately 5.25 TWh / year (4.29 GWp) in Lombardy and a maximum installable power of approximately 42 GWp at level national. In these areas, the greatest contribution (over 80%) is given by the exploitation of cultivated fields. These fields were considered exploited through the installation of agro-photovoltaic systems that allow at least partial maintenance of the agricultural production. Another very important contribution can derive from the exploitation of unused areas in airports. A detailed methodology based on the data obtained for the 5 main airports of the Lombardy region, which represent about 90% of the total surface of the 14 airports present in the region, made it possible to estimate a maximum energy production potential of about 1.42 TWh / year (1.24 installable GWp) for Lombard airports. For Italian airports, on the other hand, a maximum installation potential of approximately 6.5 GWp is estimated. Finally, the overall estimates indicate that in two of the three exploitation scenarios considered, the targets set for 2030 would be achieved both at the level of the Lombardy Region and at the Italian level. At the Italian level, the contribution obtainable from the three infrastructures in the maximum exploitation scenario, equal to approximately 49 GW, also represents 15 to 27% of the entire power to be installed by 2050 according to the recently approved Italian long-term strategy. Unlike the results obtained for the Lombardy Region, the real possibility of exploiting the potential estimated at the Italian level can be clarified with studies at a greater level of detail, capable of evaluating local constraints (regulatory, landscape) that cannot be highlighted at the scale used in the present work.
L’Italia dispone ad oggi di circa 21 GWp di potenza fotovoltaica installata, che secondo gli obiettivi dei piani e delle strategie sul cambiamento climatico fissati a livello nazionale dovrà aumentare di 2,5 volte entro il 2030 e di 10-15 volte entro il 2050. Per raggiungere tali obiettivi, appare di grande interesse la possibilità di sfruttare aree non utilizzate e marginali. La presente tesi ha valutato il potenziale legato alle aree connesse alle infrastrutture di trasporto (autostrade, ferrovie e aeroporti). Con quasi 7.000 km di autostrade, oltre 19.800 km di ferrovie e più di 40 aeroporti, l’Italia possiede un’enorme quantità di superfici potenzialmente sfruttabili. Le possibilità di applicazione del fotovoltaico valutate sono per autostrade e ferrovie le aree nelle fasce di rispetto e le superfici delle barriere antirumore presenti, per gli aeroporti le aree inutilizzate all’interno del sedime aeroportuale, i tetti degli edifici e le tettoie a copertura dei parcheggi. Sono stati valutati 3 diversi scenari di sfruttamento, relativi a diversi livelli di utilizzo delle aree disponibili. L’analisi di dettaglio per la regione Lombardia ha portato alla quantificazione delle superfici idonee presenti nelle fasce di rispetto di autostrade e ferrovie (tramite elaborazione GIS) e alla raccolta di un set di dati relativi alle barriere antirumore installate presso le autostrade lombarde e alle aree aeroportuali; le stime a livello nazionale si basano su estrapolazioni dei valori reperiti a livello regionale. Dalle stime ottenute si nota come il contributo potenziale massimo delle suddette aree connesse alle infrastrutture di trasporto è molto rilevante, a livello nazionale pari a circa 49 GWp nello scenario di massimo sfruttamento. Per la sola Lombardia, per cui è stato condotto uno studio di dettaglio, nello stesso scenario di sfruttamento si stima una produzione energetica pari a circa 6,76 TWh/anno (ottenibile dall’installazione di 5,62 GWp). L’utilizzo delle fasce di rispetto di autostrade e ferrovie fornisce il contributo largamente preponderante, pari a una produzione energetica massima di circa 5,25 TWh/anno (4,29 GWp) in Lombardia e a una potenza installabile massima di circa 42 GWp a livello nazionale. In queste aree, il maggiore contributo (superiore all’80%) è dato dallo sfruttamento dei campi coltivati, in cui è stata prevista l’installazione di impianti agro-fotovoltaici che permettano il mantenimento almeno parziale della produzione agricola. Un altro contributo di grande rilevanza può derivare dallo sfruttamento delle aree inutilizzate presenti negli aeroporti. Una metodologia di dettaglio basata sui dati ricavati per i 5 principali aeroporti lombardi, che rappresentano circa il 90% della superficie dei 14 aeroporti della regione, ha permesso di stimare un potenziale di produzione energetica massimo di circa 1,42 TWh/anno (1,24 GWp installabili) per gli aeroporti lombardi. Per gli aeroporti italiani si stima invece un potenziale di installazione massimo pari a circa 6,5 GWp. Le stime complessive indicano infine che in due dei tre scenari di sfruttamento considerati si raggiungerebbero gli obiettivi posti per il 2030 sia a livello di Regione Lombardia sia a livello italiano. A livello italiano il contributo ottenibile dalle tre infrastrutture nello scenario a massimo sfruttamento, pari a circa 49 GWp, rappresenta inoltre dal 15 al 27% dell’intera potenza da installare entro il 2050 secondo la Strategia a lungo termine italiana recentemente approvata. A differenza dei risultati ottenuti per la Regione Lombardia, la reale possibilità di sfruttamento del potenziale stimato a livello italiano potrà essere precisata con studi ad un maggior livello di dettaglio, in grado di valutare vincoli locali (normativi, paesaggistici) non evidenziabili alla scala utilizzata nel presente lavoro.
Stima del potenziale di produzione di energia fotovoltaica nelle infrastrutture di trasporto in Lombardia e in Italia
BETTEO, ANDREA
2019/2020
Abstract
Italy currently has about 21 GWp of installed photovoltaic power. According to the targets set by national plans and strategies on climate change this power must increase by 2.5 times by 2030 and by 10-15 times by 2050. To achieve these targets, the possibility of exploiting unused and marginal areas appears of great interest. The present thesis has evaluated the potential linked to areas connected to transport infrastructures (highways, railways and airports). With nearly 7,000 km of motorways, over 19,800 km of railways and more than 40 airports, Italy has a huge amount of potentially usable surfaces. The photovoltaic application possibilities evaluated for highways and railways are the areas in the buffer zones and the surfaces of the present noise barriers. For the airports are the unused areas within the airport grounds, the roofs of the buildings and the canopies covering the parking lots. Three different exploitation scenarios were evaluated. These are related to different levels of use of the available areas. The detailed analysis for the Lombardy region led to the quantification of the suitable surfaces located in the buffer zones of motorways and railways (through GIS processing) and to the collection of a set of data related to the noise barriers installed on the motorways and to airport areas. The estimates at the national level are based on extrapolations of the values found at the regional level. From the estimates obtained, it can be seen that the maximum potential contribution of the aforementioned areas connected to transport infrastructures is very significant, at a national level equal to approximately 49 GWp in the scenario of maximum exploitation. For Lombardy, for which a detailed study was conducted, in the same exploitation scenario an energy production of approximately 6.76 TWh / year is estimated (obtainable from the installation of 5.62 GWp). The use of the buffer zones of motorways and railways provides a largely preponderant contribution, equal to a maximum energy production of approximately 5.25 TWh / year (4.29 GWp) in Lombardy and a maximum installable power of approximately 42 GWp at level national. In these areas, the greatest contribution (over 80%) is given by the exploitation of cultivated fields. These fields were considered exploited through the installation of agro-photovoltaic systems that allow at least partial maintenance of the agricultural production. Another very important contribution can derive from the exploitation of unused areas in airports. A detailed methodology based on the data obtained for the 5 main airports of the Lombardy region, which represent about 90% of the total surface of the 14 airports present in the region, made it possible to estimate a maximum energy production potential of about 1.42 TWh / year (1.24 installable GWp) for Lombard airports. For Italian airports, on the other hand, a maximum installation potential of approximately 6.5 GWp is estimated. Finally, the overall estimates indicate that in two of the three exploitation scenarios considered, the targets set for 2030 would be achieved both at the level of the Lombardy Region and at the Italian level. At the Italian level, the contribution obtainable from the three infrastructures in the maximum exploitation scenario, equal to approximately 49 GW, also represents 15 to 27% of the entire power to be installed by 2050 according to the recently approved Italian long-term strategy. Unlike the results obtained for the Lombardy Region, the real possibility of exploiting the potential estimated at the Italian level can be clarified with studies at a greater level of detail, capable of evaluating local constraints (regulatory, landscape) that cannot be highlighted at the scale used in the present work.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/174969