After decades of sustained development, the number of space missions to analyze the atmosphere has declined considerably, leaving the scientific community with only a handful of useful instruments. It is now accepted that the global and polar depletions of the ozone layer can be attributed to the presence of halogen compounds released by anthropogenic emissions. After the Montreal protocol the first signs of a global recovery of the ozone layer have been noted. However, they actually reveal a complex pattern: trends vary with latitude and altitude, while growing evidence suggests a strong coupling between climate change and the recovery of the ozone layer. The ALTIUS mission (Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere), part of the ESA Earth Watch programme, aims at the remote sensing of key atmospheric constituents with a high vertical resolution. ESA has appointed two Belgian companies, QinetiQ Space and OIP Sensor Systems, as the main contractors respectively for the development and assembly of the satellite and for the production of the on-board scientific instrument. ALTIUS consists of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) hosting three independent hyperspectral cameras covering the Ultraviolet (UV), Visible (VIS) and Near Infrared (NIR) ranges. They can take measurements in different geometries, which allows them to collect high-resolution concentration profiles. These measurements are made not only by using the scattering of sunlight in the illuminated part of the atmosphere, but also by absorbing the solar spectra during transitions between day and night and the stellar spectra in the nocturnal part of the atmosphere. In order to achieve the required system performance, ground post-processing of the acquired images is needed. This post-processing relies on a calibration database containing different characteristics of the instrument such as Point Spread Functions (PSF), Spectral Response Functions (SRF) and geometric aspects. Thus, this thesis, conducted at QinetiQ Space, presents how the calibration database has been developed, including format definition, sanity checks and error handling, data visualization, management and storage, raw data and image processing, data cleanup and interpolation. The calibration database will later be used both for the on-ground calibration campaign and for the in-flight calibration and operations.
Dopo decenni di sviluppo, il numero di missioni spaziali per studiare l’atmosfera terrestre è notevolmente diminuito, lasciando alla comunità scientifica un numero ristretto di strumenti utili. È ormai risaputo che gli impoverimenti globali e polari dello strato di ozono, possano essere attribuiti alla presenza di composti alogenati rilasciati dalle emissioni antropogeniche. In seguito alla sottoscrizione del protocollo di Montreal si sono registrati i primi segnali di un recupero globale dello strato di ozono, che tuttavia, rivelano uno schema complesso: si notano variazioni dipendenti da latitudine e altitudine, mentre sono in aumento le prove che suggeriscono uno stretto legame tra il cambiamento climatico e il ripristino dello strato di ozono. La missione ALTIUS, facente parte del programma ESA Earth Watch, mira a rilevare costituenti atmosferici chiave con un’elevata risoluzione verticale. L’Agenzia Spaziale Europea ha nominato due aziende belghe, QinetiQ Space e OIP Sensor Systems, come principali contraenti rispettivamente per lo sviluppo e l’assemblaggio del satellite e per la produzione dello strumento scientifico di bordo. ALTIUS consiste in un satellite orbitante a bassa altitudine, con a bordo tre telecamere iperspettrali indipendenti che vanno a coprire le gamme ultravioletto, visibile e vicino infrarosso. Possono effettuare misurazioni in diverse geometrie, consentendo la raccolta di profili ad alta risoluzione. Queste misurazioni vengono effettuate non solo utilizzando la diffusione della luce solare nella parte illuminata dell’atmosfera, ma anche assorbendo lo spettro solare durante le transizioni tra il giorno e la notte e gli spettri stellari nella fase notturna dell’atmosfera. Affinchè il sistema soddisfi le prestazioni richieste, è necessaria una post-elaborazione, a terra, delle immagini acquisite. Questa post-elaborazione si basa su un database di calibrazione contenente diverse caratteristiche dello strumento quali Point Spread Functions (PSF), Spectral Response Functions (SRF) oltre ad aspetti geometrici. Pertanto, questa tesi, condotta presso QinetiQ Space, presenta come è stato sviluppato il database di calibrazione, inclusi la definizione del formato, i controlli di integrità e rilevazione degli errori, la gestione e l’archiviazione dei dati, e l’elaborazione delle immagini, la pulizia e l’interpolazione dei dati. Il database di calibrazione verrà poi utilizzato sia per la campagna di calibrazione a terra sia per la calibrazione e le operazioni in volo.
Development of the instrument calibration database for the ALTIUS mission
ROTA, CHRISTIAN
2021/2022
Abstract
After decades of sustained development, the number of space missions to analyze the atmosphere has declined considerably, leaving the scientific community with only a handful of useful instruments. It is now accepted that the global and polar depletions of the ozone layer can be attributed to the presence of halogen compounds released by anthropogenic emissions. After the Montreal protocol the first signs of a global recovery of the ozone layer have been noted. However, they actually reveal a complex pattern: trends vary with latitude and altitude, while growing evidence suggests a strong coupling between climate change and the recovery of the ozone layer. The ALTIUS mission (Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere), part of the ESA Earth Watch programme, aims at the remote sensing of key atmospheric constituents with a high vertical resolution. ESA has appointed two Belgian companies, QinetiQ Space and OIP Sensor Systems, as the main contractors respectively for the development and assembly of the satellite and for the production of the on-board scientific instrument. ALTIUS consists of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) hosting three independent hyperspectral cameras covering the Ultraviolet (UV), Visible (VIS) and Near Infrared (NIR) ranges. They can take measurements in different geometries, which allows them to collect high-resolution concentration profiles. These measurements are made not only by using the scattering of sunlight in the illuminated part of the atmosphere, but also by absorbing the solar spectra during transitions between day and night and the stellar spectra in the nocturnal part of the atmosphere. In order to achieve the required system performance, ground post-processing of the acquired images is needed. This post-processing relies on a calibration database containing different characteristics of the instrument such as Point Spread Functions (PSF), Spectral Response Functions (SRF) and geometric aspects. Thus, this thesis, conducted at QinetiQ Space, presents how the calibration database has been developed, including format definition, sanity checks and error handling, data visualization, management and storage, raw data and image processing, data cleanup and interpolation. The calibration database will later be used both for the on-ground calibration campaign and for the in-flight calibration and operations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/206396