The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and distributed energy re-sources (DERs) is profoundly transforming the operation of power distribution networks. While they represent a key driver towards decarbonization, they also in-troduce new challenges related to forecast uncertainty and the need to ensure grid stability and security. In this context, flexibility emerges as a crucial resource, capa-ble of providing ancillary services at both transmission (TSO) and distribution (DSO) levels, while requiring a rethinking of market structures and coordination schemes among system operators. This thesis analyzes the European and Italian regulatory framework for flexibility markets, with particular attention to pilot projects and TSO–DSO coordination mechanisms. Subsequently, a mathematical model of a Local Flexibility Market (LFM) is developed, explicitly incorporating the uncertainty associated with renew-able generation and flexible load profiles. To address this, Robust Optimization (RO) is introduced as the proposed methodology, ensuring reliable solutions even under worst-case variability scenarios. The model has been validated on reference distribution grids, highlighting how the explicit consideration of uncertainty affects flexibility activation. The results con-firm that the robust approach, although more conservative than deterministic op-timization, enhances operational reliability and enables effective management of congestion and voltage limits. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the design of local flexibility markets that are more resilient and secure, thus supporting the increasing role of DERs in the ongoing energy transition.
La crescente penetrazione delle fonti rinnovabili e delle risorse energetiche distri-buite (Distributed Energy Resources, DER) sta trasformando profondamente il fun-zionamento delle reti elettriche. Se da un lato esse rappresentano un’opportunità per accelerare il processo di decarbonizzazione, dall’altro introducono nuove sfide legate all’incertezza delle previsioni e alla necessità di garantire stabilità e sicurezza operativa. In questo contesto, la flessibilità emerge come risorsa chiave, capace di fornire servizi ancillari sia a livello di trasmissione (TSO) sia di distribuzione (DSO), richiedendo al tempo stesso un ripensamento dei modelli di mercato e delle modalità di coordinamento tra gli operatori. La presente tesi analizza il quadro regolatorio europeo e italiano sui mercati della flessibilità, ponendo particolare attenzione ai progetti sperimentali e ai meccanismi di coordinamento TSO-DSO. Successivamente, viene sviluppato un modello mate-matico di Local Flexibility Market (LFM) che integra l’incertezza derivante dal com-portamento delle fonti rinnovabili e dei carichi flessibili. A tal fine, si introduce la Robust Optimization (RO) come approccio risolutivo, in grado di garantire soluzio-ni affidabili anche in scenari di massima variabilità. Il modello proposto è stato validato su reti di distribuzione di riferimento, mo-strando come l’inclusione dei termini di incertezza influenzi l’attivazione della fles-sibilità e il rispetto dei vincoli di rete. I risultati confermano che l’approccio robusto, pur comportando soluzioni più conservative rispetto all’ottimizzazione determini-stica, permette di incrementare l’affidabilità operativa e di gestire efficacemente congestioni e limiti di tensione. In conclusione, la tesi fornisce un contributo alla progettazione di mercati locali del-la flessibilità più resilienti e sicuri, supportando il ruolo crescente dei DER nella transizione energetica.
Optimal management of distribution networks in the presence of renewable and distributed flexibility resources flexibility and uncertainty
De Simone, Lilian
2024/2025
Abstract
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and distributed energy re-sources (DERs) is profoundly transforming the operation of power distribution networks. While they represent a key driver towards decarbonization, they also in-troduce new challenges related to forecast uncertainty and the need to ensure grid stability and security. In this context, flexibility emerges as a crucial resource, capa-ble of providing ancillary services at both transmission (TSO) and distribution (DSO) levels, while requiring a rethinking of market structures and coordination schemes among system operators. This thesis analyzes the European and Italian regulatory framework for flexibility markets, with particular attention to pilot projects and TSO–DSO coordination mechanisms. Subsequently, a mathematical model of a Local Flexibility Market (LFM) is developed, explicitly incorporating the uncertainty associated with renew-able generation and flexible load profiles. To address this, Robust Optimization (RO) is introduced as the proposed methodology, ensuring reliable solutions even under worst-case variability scenarios. The model has been validated on reference distribution grids, highlighting how the explicit consideration of uncertainty affects flexibility activation. The results con-firm that the robust approach, although more conservative than deterministic op-timization, enhances operational reliability and enables effective management of congestion and voltage limits. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the design of local flexibility markets that are more resilient and secure, thus supporting the increasing role of DERs in the ongoing energy transition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_10_De_Simone_Tesi_01.pdf
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2025_10_De Simone_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/243314