The phenomenon of soot formation derives from incomplete combustion of carbon- based fuels, driven by the formation and growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among PAH precursors, propargyl radical is one of the simplest but most important resonance stabilized free radicals (RSFRs), present in significant quantity in flames. Reaction rate constants have mostly been determined with theoretical ab initio calculations. However, for larger PAH systems, accurate calculations are demanding in computation. As a result, reaction rate rules specialized in such calculations are a useful tool to extend accurate rate constants for smaller aromatics to larger ones. In most kinetic mechanisms, analogy rules are adopted from one-ring aromatics to larger ones. While the contributions of propargyl radical are widely acknowledged in PAH formation and growth, few theoretical calculations investigate explicit mechanisms for propargyl radical addition to aromatic hydrocarbons with more than one aromatic ring. Moreover, analogy rules that extrapolate the mechanisms of mono-aromatic species to larger PAHs miss possible significant divergence in reactivity attributed to stronger resonance stabilization and differentiation of reaction sites on larger PAHs. This work investigates the propargyl radical addition to PAHs up to 4 aromatic rings with theoretical methods in order to construct physically-based rate rules suitable to be extended to large PAHs up to carbon particles. In total, 6 PAH species (acenes from benzene through pentacene, then phenanthrene and pyrene), 3 types of sites (edge, zigzag, bay), and up to 34 different combinations between propargyl radical (from the CH2 or CH side) and PAHs were included. In addition, a new mechanism for the ring closure initiated by propargyl radical addition to naphthalene was addressed to assess the effective reaction pathway leading to the formation of an additional aromatic ring. In particular, relevant reaction channels on that potential energy surface (PES) leading to phenalene are displayed in detail and could serve as a multi-ring reference basis for scaling studies. Concerning addition channels to different aromatics, this thesis has successfully identified several distinct reaction patterns in the attempt to establish rate rules, which has revealed some systematic features of interactions between small radicals and close-shell PAH species. Eventually, this work can improve the kinetic accuracy in existing large kinetic mechanisms for PAH growth and soot formation.
Il fenomeno della formazione del soot deriva dalla combustione incompleta dei combustibili idrocarburici ed è guidato dalla formazione e crescita degli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (PAH). Tra i precursori dei PAH, il radicale propargilico è uno dei radicali liberi stabilizzati per risonanza più semplici ma più importanti, presente in quantità significative nelle fiamme. Le costanti di velocità delle reazioni sono state per lo più determinate tramite calcoli ab initio; tuttavia, per sistemi PAH di dimensioni maggiori tali calcoli risultano computazionalmente onerosi. Di conseguenza, regole di velocità basate su questi calcoli rappresentano uno strumento utile per estendere valori accurati da aromatici piccoli a sistemi più grandi. Nella maggior parte dei meccanismi cinetici vengono adottate regole per analogia, ma tali estensioni possono trascurare divergenze significative nella reattività di PAH più estesi dovute alla maggiore stabilizzazione per risonanza. Questo lavoro investiga l’addizione del radicale propargilico a PAH fino a quattro anelli aromatici mediante metodi teorici, con l’obiettivo di costruire regole di velocità basate su principi fisici ed estendibili ai grandi PAH fino alle particelle carboniose. Sono state considerate sei specie PAH (la serie degli aceni dal benzene al tetracene, oltre a fenantrene e pirene), tre tipi di siti reattivi (edge, zig-zag e armchair) e fino a trentaquattro combinazioni tra radicale propargilico (dal lato CH₂ o CH) e PAH. È stato inoltre analizzato un nuovo meccanismo di chiusura d’anello innescato dall’addizione del radicale propargilico al naftalene, valutando i canali di reazione rilevanti sulla superficie di energia potenziale che portano alla formazione della fenalene e fornendo una base di riferimento multi-anello per studi di scaling. L’identificazione di diversi pattern reattivi nelle addizioni ai vari aromatici rivela caratteristiche sistematiche nelle interazioni tra piccoli radicali e PAH a guscio chiuso, coerenti con risultati teorici precedenti. Questo lavoro può contribuire a migliorare l’accuratezza della cinetica nei meccanismi estesi di crescita dei PAH e formazione del soot.
Theoretical investigation and reaction rate rules for propargyl radical adition to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
DONG, ZIHAO
2025/2026
Abstract
The phenomenon of soot formation derives from incomplete combustion of carbon- based fuels, driven by the formation and growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Among PAH precursors, propargyl radical is one of the simplest but most important resonance stabilized free radicals (RSFRs), present in significant quantity in flames. Reaction rate constants have mostly been determined with theoretical ab initio calculations. However, for larger PAH systems, accurate calculations are demanding in computation. As a result, reaction rate rules specialized in such calculations are a useful tool to extend accurate rate constants for smaller aromatics to larger ones. In most kinetic mechanisms, analogy rules are adopted from one-ring aromatics to larger ones. While the contributions of propargyl radical are widely acknowledged in PAH formation and growth, few theoretical calculations investigate explicit mechanisms for propargyl radical addition to aromatic hydrocarbons with more than one aromatic ring. Moreover, analogy rules that extrapolate the mechanisms of mono-aromatic species to larger PAHs miss possible significant divergence in reactivity attributed to stronger resonance stabilization and differentiation of reaction sites on larger PAHs. This work investigates the propargyl radical addition to PAHs up to 4 aromatic rings with theoretical methods in order to construct physically-based rate rules suitable to be extended to large PAHs up to carbon particles. In total, 6 PAH species (acenes from benzene through pentacene, then phenanthrene and pyrene), 3 types of sites (edge, zigzag, bay), and up to 34 different combinations between propargyl radical (from the CH2 or CH side) and PAHs were included. In addition, a new mechanism for the ring closure initiated by propargyl radical addition to naphthalene was addressed to assess the effective reaction pathway leading to the formation of an additional aromatic ring. In particular, relevant reaction channels on that potential energy surface (PES) leading to phenalene are displayed in detail and could serve as a multi-ring reference basis for scaling studies. Concerning addition channels to different aromatics, this thesis has successfully identified several distinct reaction patterns in the attempt to establish rate rules, which has revealed some systematic features of interactions between small radicals and close-shell PAH species. Eventually, this work can improve the kinetic accuracy in existing large kinetic mechanisms for PAH growth and soot formation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246928