Small Arms Protective Inserts (SAPIs) were developed as reliable stand-alone protection systems and have demonstrated high effectiveness against small- to medium-calibre threats, including armour-piercing projectiles. Despite their satisfactory nominal ballistic performance, during service in harsh environments SAPIs can experience off-design events, such as low velocity impacts or improper handling, which can induce non-visible or barely visible damage and drastically degrade their response to subsequent ballistic threats. These factors, combined with the complex damage mechanisms involved in their constituent materials, make assessing the damage state of SAPIs and predicting their residual ballistic performance particularly challenging. This work aims to develop and validate an high fidelity finite element modeling framework based on the literature to assess the ballistic response of an undamaged and pre-damaged SAPI. The armour configuration consists of a 12 mm thick alumina (Al2O3) front layer backed by a 6.3 mm thick UHMWPE (Dyneema®) laminate. To assess behind-armour blunt trauma (BABT), a 50 mm thick Roma Plastilina® No. 1 layer is placed in contact with the rear face of the armour system. Two damage scenarios are investigated: (i) multiple ballistic hits against the same protection and (ii) ballistic impact on an armor with a through-thickness crack in the ceramic layer. For each scenario, multiple simulations are performed varying the distance between the impact point and the pre-existing damage location. The results highlight a strong correlation between the distance from the pre-existing damaged zone and the ballistic performance of the armour, quantified in terms of residual projectile velocity and back-face clay deformation.
Gli inserti protettivi SAPI (Small Arms Protective Inserts) sono stati sviluppati come sistemi di protezione stand-alone affidabili e hanno dimostrato un’elevata efficacia contro minacce di piccolo e medio calibro, inclusi i proiettili perforanti. Nonostante le loro soddisfacenti prestazioni balistiche nominali, durante il servizio in ambienti ostili le SAPI possono essere soggette a eventi "fuori progetto", come impatti a bassa velocità o manipolazione impropria, che possono indurre danni non visibili o appena visibili e degradare drasticamente la loro risposta a successive minacce balistiche. Questi fattori, combinati con i complessi meccanismi di danno che interessano i materiali costitutivi, rendono particolarmente impegnativa la valutazione dello stato di danno dei SAPI e la previsione della loro protezione balistica residua. Questo lavoro mira a sviluppare e validare un framework di modellazione a elementi finiti (FEM) ad alta fedeltà basato sulla letteratura per valutare la risposta balistica di SAPI intatta e pre-danneggiata. La configurazione della protezione consiste in uno strato frontale di allumina (Al2O3) spesso 12 mm, seguito da un laminato in UHMWPE (Dyneema®) spesso 6,3 mm. Per valutare il trauma da contusione dietro la corazza (BABT - behind-armour blunt trauma), uno strato di Roma Plastilina® No. 1 spesso 50 mm viene posto a contatto con il lato posteriore della protezione. Vengono studiati due scenari di danno: (i) colpi balistici multipli sulla stessa protezione e (ii) impatto balistico su una protezione con una cricca attraversante tutto lo spessore dello strato ceramico. Per ogni scenario, vengono eseguite simulazioni multiple variando la distanza tra il punto di impatto e la posizione del danno preesistente. I risultati evidenziano una forte correlazione tra la distanza dalla zona danneggiata preesistente e la prestazione balistica della corazza, quantificata in termini di velocità residua del proiettile e deformazione della plastilina posteriore (back-face deformation).
Finite element analysis of ballistic resistance performance degradation in damaged small arms protective inserts
Di FULVIO, MASSIMO
2025/2026
Abstract
Small Arms Protective Inserts (SAPIs) were developed as reliable stand-alone protection systems and have demonstrated high effectiveness against small- to medium-calibre threats, including armour-piercing projectiles. Despite their satisfactory nominal ballistic performance, during service in harsh environments SAPIs can experience off-design events, such as low velocity impacts or improper handling, which can induce non-visible or barely visible damage and drastically degrade their response to subsequent ballistic threats. These factors, combined with the complex damage mechanisms involved in their constituent materials, make assessing the damage state of SAPIs and predicting their residual ballistic performance particularly challenging. This work aims to develop and validate an high fidelity finite element modeling framework based on the literature to assess the ballistic response of an undamaged and pre-damaged SAPI. The armour configuration consists of a 12 mm thick alumina (Al2O3) front layer backed by a 6.3 mm thick UHMWPE (Dyneema®) laminate. To assess behind-armour blunt trauma (BABT), a 50 mm thick Roma Plastilina® No. 1 layer is placed in contact with the rear face of the armour system. Two damage scenarios are investigated: (i) multiple ballistic hits against the same protection and (ii) ballistic impact on an armor with a through-thickness crack in the ceramic layer. For each scenario, multiple simulations are performed varying the distance between the impact point and the pre-existing damage location. The results highlight a strong correlation between the distance from the pre-existing damaged zone and the ballistic performance of the armour, quantified in terms of residual projectile velocity and back-face clay deformation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Di Fulvio_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Di Fulvio_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250817