To address the growing energy demands and combat climate change, alternative technologies are being explored globally. Liquid-fuelled molten salt reactors (MSRs) are promising from a safety and performance aspect, given their intrinsic technical characteristics. However, given the inevitable increase in the number of reactors, the question of how to effectively and efficiently put them under International Safeguards is of the utmost importance. These reactors represent a paradigm shift from traditional fuel item-based systems, and the current safeguards approaches prove inadequate for their bulk-fuel operational modalities. The evaluation of the new Safeguards approaches and their suitability to reactor designs is needed to direct research efforts in bridging the existing gap. The first outcome is a state-of-the-art of Nuclear Safeguards, and the relative challenges posed by MSRs. This work develops a comprehensive Safeguardability Assessment Tool (SAT) by synthesising existing safeguardability evaluation attributes from the literature and tailoring them to the specific characteristics of liquid-fuelled MSRs. The research employs two methodologies adapted from the System Analysis framework to quantify inherently qualitative safeguardability assessments: Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) to capture expert preferences through the SAT’s attribute weighting, and Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) through the Italian Flag methodology to manage uncertainty and incompleteness in the pre-conceptual design phase. The tool's layered architecture provides flexible assessment at multiple levels of detail, enabling both policy-level evaluations and granular inspector-focused assessments, thereby serving the diverse stakeholder needs within the safeguards ecosystem. The study of the applicability of Non-Destructive Assay to the MSFR through the Italian Flag methodology provides actionable insights for identifying knowledge gaps, successfully propagating expert judgment through hierarchical dependencies, and thus proving the adequacy of the SAT for the quantitative estimation of the design’s safeguardability. This framework bridges designers and inspectors by establishing an early-stage safeguardability assessment, ensuring safeguards integration at minimal retrofit costs and informing the inspectorate's long-term instrumentation development priorities.
Per far fronte all'aumento del fabbisogno energetico e combattere i cambiamenti climatici, la comunità scientifica sta studiando tecnologie alternative. I reattori a sali fusi (MSR) alimentati a combustibile liquido sono promettenti dal punto di vista della sicurezza e delle prestazioni, date le loro caratteristiche tecniche intrinseche. Tuttavia, dato l'inevitabile aumento del numero di reattori, la questione di come sottoporli in modo efficace ed efficiente alle salvaguardie internazionali è della massima importanza. Questi reattori rappresentano un cambiamento di paradigma rispetto ai tradizionali sistemi, e gli attuali approcci di salvaguardia basati sugli elementi di combustibile si dimostrano inadeguati per le loro modalità operative con combustibile sfuso. È necessario valutare i nuovi approcci di salvaguardia e la loro applicabilità ai design dei reattori, per orientare gli sforzi di ricerca nel colmare il divario esistente. Il primo risultato è uno stato dell'arte delle salvaguardie nucleari e delle relative sfide poste dagli MSR. Questa tesi sviluppa uno strumento completo di valutazione della salvaguardabilità (SAT) sintetizzando gli attributi di valutazione della salvaguardabilità esistenti nella letteratura e adattandoli alle sfide specifiche poste dagli MSR alimentati a combustibile liquido. Questo studio utilizza due metodologie adattate dal campo di Analisi dei Sistemi per quantificare le valutazioni di salvaguardabilità intrinsecamente qualitative: la Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) per cogliere le preferenze degli esperti tramite la ponderazione degli attribute del SAT, e la teoria di Dempster-Shafer (DST) attraverso la metodologia Italian Flag per gestire l'incertezza e l'incompletezza nella fase iniziale della progettazione concettuale. La struttura a livelli della SAT offre flessibilità rispetto alle esigenze delle parti interessate, dalle necessità delle valutazioni politiche ai bisogni di dettaglio nelle valutazioni degli ispettori. L'applicazione della metodologia Italian Flag all'applicabilità dell'NDA per il MSFR fornisce informazioni utili per identificare le lacune nella strumentazione, propagando con successo il giudizio degli esperti attraverso dipendenze gerarchiche. Il framework sviluppato collega progettisti e ispettori stabilendo una valutazione della salvaguardabilità nella fase iniziale, aiutando nell'integrazione delle salvaguardie a costi di adeguamento minimi e informando le priorità di sviluppo della strumentazione a lungo termine dell'ispettorato.
System analysis approaches in the nuclear safeguards of liquid-fuelled molten salt reactors : a safeguardability assessment tool and NDA applicability study
Batani, Daniele
2024/2025
Abstract
To address the growing energy demands and combat climate change, alternative technologies are being explored globally. Liquid-fuelled molten salt reactors (MSRs) are promising from a safety and performance aspect, given their intrinsic technical characteristics. However, given the inevitable increase in the number of reactors, the question of how to effectively and efficiently put them under International Safeguards is of the utmost importance. These reactors represent a paradigm shift from traditional fuel item-based systems, and the current safeguards approaches prove inadequate for their bulk-fuel operational modalities. The evaluation of the new Safeguards approaches and their suitability to reactor designs is needed to direct research efforts in bridging the existing gap. The first outcome is a state-of-the-art of Nuclear Safeguards, and the relative challenges posed by MSRs. This work develops a comprehensive Safeguardability Assessment Tool (SAT) by synthesising existing safeguardability evaluation attributes from the literature and tailoring them to the specific characteristics of liquid-fuelled MSRs. The research employs two methodologies adapted from the System Analysis framework to quantify inherently qualitative safeguardability assessments: Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) to capture expert preferences through the SAT’s attribute weighting, and Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) through the Italian Flag methodology to manage uncertainty and incompleteness in the pre-conceptual design phase. The tool's layered architecture provides flexible assessment at multiple levels of detail, enabling both policy-level evaluations and granular inspector-focused assessments, thereby serving the diverse stakeholder needs within the safeguards ecosystem. The study of the applicability of Non-Destructive Assay to the MSFR through the Italian Flag methodology provides actionable insights for identifying knowledge gaps, successfully propagating expert judgment through hierarchical dependencies, and thus proving the adequacy of the SAT for the quantitative estimation of the design’s safeguardability. This framework bridges designers and inspectors by establishing an early-stage safeguardability assessment, ensuring safeguards integration at minimal retrofit costs and informing the inspectorate's long-term instrumentation development priorities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251633