Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) represents a key indicator of parasympathetic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory synchronization. Clinically, RSA is defined as the physiological fluctuation of heart rate in relation to the respiratory cycle, characterized by an increase in heart rate during inspiration and a decrease during expiration; this phenomenon is considered a non-invasive marker of the integrity and functionality of cardiac vagal control. It also constitutes a specific component of heart rate variability (HRV), as it describes the cyclic oscillations of heart rate synchronized with breathing, particularly reflecting cardiac vagal activity. Although this phenomenon is well known in the literature, the specific influence of different breathing mechanics on RSA amplitude has not yet been fully quantified in quantitative terms. The present thesis aims to analyze the impact of three different respiratory techniques, namely diaphragmatic breathing (DI), thoracic breathing (TO), and controlled breathing at a set frequency (CB), on RSA dynamics in a population of 17 healthy subjects. For this purpose, dedicated software was developed in MATLAB for the processing of electrocardiographic (ECG), thoracic expansion (RESP), and heart rate (HR) signals. The algorithm implements the peak-valley method in the time domain, allowing the quantification of RSA as the difference between the maximum and minimum heart rate associated with each respiratory cycle over a 5 minute analysis window. The results show differences between the experimental tasks, with diaphragmatic breathing exhibiting a higher average RSA amplitude compared to thoracic breathing and controlled breathing at a set frequency. These findings indicate that active diaphragmatic engagement promotes greater vagal stimulation and more efficient cardiorespiratory modulation. The results underline how controlling respiratory mechanics, in addition to ventilation rate, plays a determining role in the modulation of parasympathetic activity, highlighting the potential applications of respiratory techniques in clinical and rehabilitative contexts.
L’aritmia sinusale respiratoria (RSA) rappresenta un indicatore chiave della modulazione parasimpatica della frequenza cardiaca e della sincronizzazione cardio-polmonare. Dal punto di vista clinico, la RSA è definita come la fisiologica fluttuazione della frequenza cardiaca in relazione al ciclo respiratorio, caratterizzata da un aumento della frequenza durante l’inspirazione e da una riduzione durante l’espirazione; tale fenomeno è considerato un marker non invasivo dell’integrità e della funzionalità del controllo vagale cardiaco. Essa costituisce inoltre una componente specifica della variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (HRV), in quanto descrive le oscillazioni cicliche della frequenza cardiaca sincronizzate con il respiro, riflettendo in particolare l’attività vagale cardiaca. Nonostante questo fenomeno sia ben noto in letteratura, l’influenza specifica delle diverse meccaniche respiratorie sull’ampiezza della RSA non è ancora completamente caratterizzata in termini quantitativi. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare l’impatto di tre differenti tecniche respiratorie, ovvero respirazione diaframmatica (DI), respirazione toracica (TO) e respirazione a frequenza controllata (CB), sulla dinamica della RSA in una popolazione di 17 soggetti sani. A tal fine, è stato sviluppato un software dedicato in ambiente MATLAB per l’elaborazione dei segnali elettrocardiografici (ECG), di espansione toracica (RESP) e di frequenza cardiaca (HR). L’algoritmo implementa il metodo picco-valle nel dominio del tempo, consentendo la quantificazione della RSA come differenza tra la frequenza cardiaca massima e minima associate a ciascun ciclo respiratorio, su una finestra di analisi di 5 minuti. I risultati evidenziano differenze tra i task sperimentali, la respirazione diaframmatica mostra un’ampiezza della RSA mediamente superiore rispetto alla respirazione toracica e alla respirazione controllata a frequenza impostata. Tali evidenze indicano che il coinvolgimento attivo del diaframma favorisce una maggiore stimolazione vagale e una più efficiente modulazione cardio-respiratoria. I risultati sottolineano come il controllo della meccanica respiratoria, oltre alla frequenza ventilatoria, rivesta un ruolo determinante nella modulazione dell’attività parasimpatica, evidenziando il potenziale applicativo delle tecniche respiratorie in ambito clinico e riabilitativo.
Effetti del respiro diaframmatico e toracico sull'aritmia sinusale respiratoria
GAYED, BISHOI
2025/2026
Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) represents a key indicator of parasympathetic modulation of heart rate and cardiorespiratory synchronization. Clinically, RSA is defined as the physiological fluctuation of heart rate in relation to the respiratory cycle, characterized by an increase in heart rate during inspiration and a decrease during expiration; this phenomenon is considered a non-invasive marker of the integrity and functionality of cardiac vagal control. It also constitutes a specific component of heart rate variability (HRV), as it describes the cyclic oscillations of heart rate synchronized with breathing, particularly reflecting cardiac vagal activity. Although this phenomenon is well known in the literature, the specific influence of different breathing mechanics on RSA amplitude has not yet been fully quantified in quantitative terms. The present thesis aims to analyze the impact of three different respiratory techniques, namely diaphragmatic breathing (DI), thoracic breathing (TO), and controlled breathing at a set frequency (CB), on RSA dynamics in a population of 17 healthy subjects. For this purpose, dedicated software was developed in MATLAB for the processing of electrocardiographic (ECG), thoracic expansion (RESP), and heart rate (HR) signals. The algorithm implements the peak-valley method in the time domain, allowing the quantification of RSA as the difference between the maximum and minimum heart rate associated with each respiratory cycle over a 5 minute analysis window. The results show differences between the experimental tasks, with diaphragmatic breathing exhibiting a higher average RSA amplitude compared to thoracic breathing and controlled breathing at a set frequency. These findings indicate that active diaphragmatic engagement promotes greater vagal stimulation and more efficient cardiorespiratory modulation. The results underline how controlling respiratory mechanics, in addition to ventilation rate, plays a determining role in the modulation of parasympathetic activity, highlighting the potential applications of respiratory techniques in clinical and rehabilitative contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/251778