With this thesis, I set out to explore a domain that lies at the intersection of my personal background, athletic practice, product design and engineering: the relationship between data, performance, and the lived experience of road and gravel cycling. In professional road cycling, performance emerges from the optimization of a large number of factors, each contributing marginally yet decisively to the final competitive outcome. In WorldTour differences between athletes are often measured in a few watts, the availability of accurate and continuous data has become a necessary condition to support strategic decisions in training, racing, and nutrition. This paradigm, commonly referred to as marginal gains, highlights how the ability to measure and control even seemingly secondary inputs can meaningfully influence performance. Among the variables that significantly affect endurance performance, hydration and in-activity nutrition play a central role. Unlike parameters such as power output, heart rate, or cadence, however, actual fluid and nutrient intake during exercise is still largely managed through indirect estimates or standardized protocols. In this work, hydration is not understood as the simple intake of water, but as the ingestion of functional fluids containing carbohydrates and electrolytes, such as isotonic drinks, saline solutions, and maltodextrin- based mixtures. Despite this awareness, a substantial gap remains in the ability to directly, continuously, and objectively measure fluid intake during cycling activity. The absence of such data limits the possibility of rigorously correlating nutritional strategies with performance trends and developing truly personalized approaches. This gap defines the core objective of the present thesis: the design and development of a system capable of measuring fluid intake during cycling under real-world conditions. My project adopts an integrated design and engineering approach, combining state-of-the-art analysis, design brief definition, conceptual development, and the realization of functional prototypes. The measurement system is integrated into an existing bicycle component—the bottle cage—transforming it into a smart device capable of collecting data without significantly interfering with the athlete’s experience. Two smart bottle cage prototypes are developed and tested, each representing a different design interpretation of the same functional objective. The results demonstrate the potential of such a system to support more informed, performance-oriented nutritional strategies and establish a foundation for future research and industrial development in high-performance sports product design.
Con questa tesi mi sono posto l’obiettivo di esplorare un ambito che si colloca all’intersezione tra il mio background personale, la pratica sportiva, il design di prodotto e l’ingegneria: la relazione tra dati, performance ed esperienza vissuta nel ciclismo su strada e gravel. Nel ciclismo professionistico su strada, la performance emerge dall’ottimizzazione di un elevato numero di fattori, ciascuno dei quali contribuisce in modo marginale ma decisivo al risultato competitivo finale. Nel circuito WorldTour, le differenze tra atleti sono spesso misurate in pochi watt; per questo motivo, la disponibilità di dati accurati e continui è diventata una condizione necessaria per supportare decisioni strategiche nell’allenamento, nella gara e nella nutrizione. Questo paradigma, comunemente definito marginal gains, evidenzia come la capacità di misurare e controllare anche input apparentemente secondari possa influenzare in modo significativo la performance. Tra le variabili che incidono in maniera rilevante sulla performance di endurance, l’idratazione e la nutrizione durante l’attività ricoprono un ruolo centrale. A differenza di parametri come potenza, frequenza cardiaca o cadenza, tuttavia, l’effettiva assunzione di liquidi e nutrienti durante l’esercizio è ancora oggi gestita principalmente attraverso stime indirette o protocolli standardizzati. In questo lavoro, l’idratazione non è intesa come semplice assunzione di acqua, bensì come ingestione di fluidi funzionali contenenti carboidrati ed elettroliti, quali bevande isotoniche, soluzioni saline e miscele a base di maltodestrine. Nonostante questa consapevolezza, permane un significativo divario nella possibilità di misurare in modo diretto, continuo e oggettivo l’assunzione di liquidi durante l’attività ciclistica. L’assenza di tali dati limita la possibilità di correlare in maniera rigorosa le strategie nutrizionali con l’andamento della performance e di sviluppare approcci realmente personalizzati. Questo gap definisce l’obiettivo centrale della presente tesi: la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un sistema in grado di misurare l’assunzione di liquidi durante l’attività ciclistica in condizioni reali. Il progetto adotta un approccio integrato di design e ingegneria, combinando analisi dello stato dell’arte, definizione del design brief, sviluppo concettuale e realizzazione di prototipi funzionali. Il sistema di misura è integrato in un componente esistente della bicicletta — il portaborraccia — trasformandolo in un dispositivo smart capace di raccogliere dati senza interferire in modo significativo con l’esperienza dell’atleta. Sono stati sviluppati e testati due prototipi di portaborraccia intelligente, ciascuno rappresentante una diversa interpretazione progettuale dello stesso obiettivo funzionale. I risultati dimostrano il potenziale di un tale sistema nel supportare strategie nutrizionali più consapevoli e orientate alla performance, ponendo le basi per futuri sviluppi di ricerca e applicazioni industriali nel design di prodotti sportivi ad alte prestazioni.
Designing hydration as data : design and engineering of an integrated system for real-time fluid intake measurement in high-performance cycling
TONARINI, EMANUELE
2024/2025
Abstract
With this thesis, I set out to explore a domain that lies at the intersection of my personal background, athletic practice, product design and engineering: the relationship between data, performance, and the lived experience of road and gravel cycling. In professional road cycling, performance emerges from the optimization of a large number of factors, each contributing marginally yet decisively to the final competitive outcome. In WorldTour differences between athletes are often measured in a few watts, the availability of accurate and continuous data has become a necessary condition to support strategic decisions in training, racing, and nutrition. This paradigm, commonly referred to as marginal gains, highlights how the ability to measure and control even seemingly secondary inputs can meaningfully influence performance. Among the variables that significantly affect endurance performance, hydration and in-activity nutrition play a central role. Unlike parameters such as power output, heart rate, or cadence, however, actual fluid and nutrient intake during exercise is still largely managed through indirect estimates or standardized protocols. In this work, hydration is not understood as the simple intake of water, but as the ingestion of functional fluids containing carbohydrates and electrolytes, such as isotonic drinks, saline solutions, and maltodextrin- based mixtures. Despite this awareness, a substantial gap remains in the ability to directly, continuously, and objectively measure fluid intake during cycling activity. The absence of such data limits the possibility of rigorously correlating nutritional strategies with performance trends and developing truly personalized approaches. This gap defines the core objective of the present thesis: the design and development of a system capable of measuring fluid intake during cycling under real-world conditions. My project adopts an integrated design and engineering approach, combining state-of-the-art analysis, design brief definition, conceptual development, and the realization of functional prototypes. The measurement system is integrated into an existing bicycle component—the bottle cage—transforming it into a smart device capable of collecting data without significantly interfering with the athlete’s experience. Two smart bottle cage prototypes are developed and tested, each representing a different design interpretation of the same functional objective. The results demonstrate the potential of such a system to support more informed, performance-oriented nutritional strategies and establish a foundation for future research and industrial development in high-performance sports product design.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/252211