High-temperature superconductor (HTS) magnets based on non-insulated (NI) rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) pancake coils represent an innovative technology with potential applications in high-energy physics accelerators, nuclear fusion devices, and NMR spectroscopy. This thesis contributes to the development of the numerical and experimental foundations of a 15 T solenoid, a sub-scale prototype of the 40 T Final Cooling Solenoid (FCS) for a Muon Collider, whose design requires engineering current densities exceeding 600 A/mm². Two independent 3D computational models were developed and cross-validated. A T–A finite element model was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics, the first of its kind for superconducting coil geometries. A thin-sheet PEEC integral model was implemented in MATLAB, innovative in its current-injection strategy: an additional degree of freedom was introduced directly at the discrete level to impose a transport current. In parallel, an experimental program at CERN enabled several advances toward the 15 T sub-scale HTS solenoid prototype. After fabrication, the produced coils were successfully tested individually at 77 K, using Hall probes and voltage taps for magnetic flux density and voltage measurements. Different current profiles allowed identification of the equivalent circuit parameters and the critical current Ic, defined with a 1 μV/cm criterion, yielding Ic = 45–60 A. As an experiment, mechanical polishing was applied to the flat faces of the coil as a strategy to reduce the coil charging time to a desired value; the characteristic time was reduced by two orders of magnitude, from around 300 s to 2 s. Cross-validation on 9- and 24-turn spirals showed maximum relative discrepancies of about 0.1–1% for current density and Joule losses, and 2–3% for magnetic flux density, with the PEEC model requiring one to two orders of magnitude fewer degrees of freedom than the 3D FEM counterpart. Finally, the nonlinear COMSOL T–A model reproduced the measured magnetic flux density profile shape of the polished (insulated) coil, with the computed field approaching the experimental data as the number of simulated turns increased. Future numerical and experimental work will focus on incorporating nonlinear power-law behavior into the PEEC model, extending both models to account for radial current paths, and testing single and multiple pancakes at 4.2 K to stack them and produce a solenoid targeting the 15 T goal.
I magneti a superconduttore ad alta temperatura (HTS) basati su bobine pancake in REBCO (rare-earth barium copper oxide) non isolate (NI) rappresentano una tecnologia innovativa, con potenziali applicazioni in acceleratori di fisica delle alte energie, dispositivi per la fusione nucleare e spettroscopia NMR. Questa tesi contribuisce allo sviluppo delle basi numeriche e sperimentali di un solenoide da 15 T, prototipo in scala ridotta del solenoide di cooling finale (Final Cooling Solenoid, FCS) da 40 T per un Muon Collider, il cui progetto richiede densità di corrente ingegneristiche superiori a 600 A/mm². Sono stati sviluppati e confrontati due modelli computazionali 3D indipendenti. Un modello agli elementi finiti T–A è stato implementato in COMSOL Multiphysics, primo nel suo genere per bobine superconduttrici. Un modello integrale PEEC con approssimazione thin-sheet è stato invece implementato in MATLAB, innovativo per la strategia di iniezione di corrente: un grado di libertà aggiuntivo viene introdotto direttamente a livello della discretizzazione per imporre una corrente di trasporto. In parallelo, un programma sperimentale al CERN ha permesso notevoli avanzamenti verso il prototipo di solenoide HTS da 15 T. Dopo la loro fabbricazione, le bobine prodotte sono state testate singolarmente a 77 K, utilizzando sonde di Hall e misuratori di tensione per misurare rispettivamente la densità di flusso magnetico e la distribuzione di tensione. L’iniezione di differenti profili di corrente ha consentito di identificare i parametri del circuito equivalente di una bobina e la corrente critica Ic, definita con il criterio di 1 μV/cm, ottenendo Ic = 45–60 A. Come ulteriore esperimento, è stata applicata una lucidatura meccanica sulle facce piane della bobina, come strategia per ridurre il tempo di carica a un valore desiderato. La riduzione del tempo caratteristico è stata di due ordini di grandezza da circa 300~s a 2~s. Il confronto su spirali da 9, 24 e 50 spire ha mostrato discrepanze relative massime dell’ordine di 0.1–1% per densità di corrente e perdite Joule, e del 2–3% per la densità di flusso magnetico, con il modello PEEC che richiede da uno a due ordini di grandezza in meno gradi di libertà rispetto al FEM 3D. Infine, il modello non lineare T–A in COMSOL ha correttamente riprodotto la forma del profilo di densità di flusso magnetico al centro, misurata per la bobina lucidata (isolata), con il campo calcolato numericamente che converge verso i dati sperimentali all’aumentare del numero di spire simulate. Il lavoro futuro, numerico e sperimentale, si concentrerà sull’inclusione del comportamento superconduttivo non lineare nel modello PEEC, sull’estensione di entrambi i modelli per considerare i flussi radiali di corrente, e sul collaudo di singole e multiple bobine a 4.2 K, per poterle successivamente impilare e realizzare un solenoide da 15 T.
Numerical modeling of REBCO pancake coils with PEEC and FEM T-A based formulations
Simoni, Alessio
2024/2025
Abstract
High-temperature superconductor (HTS) magnets based on non-insulated (NI) rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) pancake coils represent an innovative technology with potential applications in high-energy physics accelerators, nuclear fusion devices, and NMR spectroscopy. This thesis contributes to the development of the numerical and experimental foundations of a 15 T solenoid, a sub-scale prototype of the 40 T Final Cooling Solenoid (FCS) for a Muon Collider, whose design requires engineering current densities exceeding 600 A/mm². Two independent 3D computational models were developed and cross-validated. A T–A finite element model was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics, the first of its kind for superconducting coil geometries. A thin-sheet PEEC integral model was implemented in MATLAB, innovative in its current-injection strategy: an additional degree of freedom was introduced directly at the discrete level to impose a transport current. In parallel, an experimental program at CERN enabled several advances toward the 15 T sub-scale HTS solenoid prototype. After fabrication, the produced coils were successfully tested individually at 77 K, using Hall probes and voltage taps for magnetic flux density and voltage measurements. Different current profiles allowed identification of the equivalent circuit parameters and the critical current Ic, defined with a 1 μV/cm criterion, yielding Ic = 45–60 A. As an experiment, mechanical polishing was applied to the flat faces of the coil as a strategy to reduce the coil charging time to a desired value; the characteristic time was reduced by two orders of magnitude, from around 300 s to 2 s. Cross-validation on 9- and 24-turn spirals showed maximum relative discrepancies of about 0.1–1% for current density and Joule losses, and 2–3% for magnetic flux density, with the PEEC model requiring one to two orders of magnitude fewer degrees of freedom than the 3D FEM counterpart. Finally, the nonlinear COMSOL T–A model reproduced the measured magnetic flux density profile shape of the polished (insulated) coil, with the computed field approaching the experimental data as the number of simulated turns increased. Future numerical and experimental work will focus on incorporating nonlinear power-law behavior into the PEEC model, extending both models to account for radial current paths, and testing single and multiple pancakes at 4.2 K to stack them and produce a solenoid targeting the 15 T goal.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Simoni_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2026_03_Simoni_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253215