This thesis analyses the performance of surface filtration technologies for the removal of microplastics from textile wastewater, with particular focus on the comparison between laboratory-scale and demonstration-scale applications. Laboratory-scale tests were carried out on three textile wastewaters (Boselli, Comofil, and Lipomo) using three different filter media made of stainless steel (AISI 304), polyester, and polyamide (PA). In parallel, two demonstration-scale surface filtration units, a belt filter and a disc filter, were evaluated under continuous operation at the Lariana centralized wastewater treatment plant. At laboratory scale, total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were highly variable and strongly dependent on wastewater characteristics, with values approximately ranging between 0% and 60%. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was generally lower, typically between 10% and 40%, with occasional peaks of up to about 60% for wastewaters characterized by lower COD/TSS ratios. These results indicate that laboratory-scale surface filtration mainly acts on the particulate fraction, while dissolved organic matter remains largely unaffected. Laboratory-scale microplastics removal results are inconclusive, as data for the Boselli and Comofil wastewaters are not available, while those obtained for the Lipomo wastewater show negative removal efficiencies, likely attributable to analytical uncertainty and errors. At demonstration scale, the disc filter exhibited more stable hydraulic operation than the belt filter, but with relatively low and variable removal efficiencies, with TSS removals typically ranging between 10% and 25% and COD removals between 5% and 15%. In contrast, the belt filter achieved higher performance, with TSS removal efficiencies generally between 10% and 30% and COD removals between 5% and 20%, benefiting from the development of a stable filter cake that enhanced particle retention beyond the nominal mesh size. Demonstration-scale microplastics removal, dominated for 80–90% by fragments, was highly variable for both filtration systems, with removal efficiencies ranging from values below 10% up to approximately 50–60%. No direct correlation was observed between TSS removal efficiency and microplastics removal efficiency, indicating that microplastics retention is governed by additional mechanisms beyond simple suspended solids removal. Demonstration-scale results were compared with previous laboratory-scale filtration tests conducted on Lariana wastewater in order to assess scale effects and result transferability. Despite the same wastewater origin, microplastics concentrations differed between the two scales, increasing from the order of magnitude of 10³–10⁴ MP/l at laboratory scale to values close to 4 × 10⁴ MP/l at demonstration scale, due to hydraulic and operational conditions. In both configurations, the AISI 150 µm mesh showed the best overall performance, suggesting an optimal compromise between retention and hydraulic stability. Laboratory tests tend to overestimate removal efficiencies for finer meshes, whereas coarser meshes show relatively better performance at demonstration scale.
Questa tesi analizza le prestazioni delle tecnologie di filtrazione superficiale per la rimozione delle microplastiche dai reflui di origine tessile, con particolare attenzione sul confronto tra applicazioni a scala di laboratorio e a scala dimostrativa. Le prove a scala di laboratorio sono state condotte su tre reflui tessili (Boselli, Comofil, Lipomo) utilizzando tre mezzi filtranti differenti realizzati in acciaio inossidabile (AISI 304), poliestere e poliammide (PA). In parallelo, due unità di filtrazione superficiale a scala dimostrativa, un filtro a nastro e un filtro a disco, sono state valutate in funzionamento continuo presso l’impianto di depurazione centralizzato di Lariana (Fino Mornasco, CO). A scala di laboratorio, le efficienze di rimozione dei solidi sospesi totali (TSS) sono risultate altamente variabili e fortemente dipendenti dalle caratteristiche del refluo, con valori compresi approssimativamente tra 0% e 60%. La rimozione della domanda chimica di ossigeno (COD) è risultata generalmente inferiore, tipicamente compresa tra 10% e 40%, con picchi occasionali fino a circa il 60% per reflui caratterizzati da rapporti COD/TSS più bassi. Questi risultati indicano che la filtrazione superficiale a scala di laboratorio agisce principalmente sulla frazione particolata, mentre la materia organica disciolta rimane in larga parte non influenzata. I risultati relativi alla rimozione delle microplastiche a scala di laboratorio risultano inconcludenti, in quanto i dati relativi ai reflui Boselli e Comofil non sono disponibili, mentre quelli ottenuti per il refluo di Lipomo mostrano rimozioni negative, verosimilmente attribuibili a incertezze ed errori analitici. A scala dimostrativa, il filtro a disco ha evidenziato un funzionamento idraulicamente più stabile del filtro a nastro ma con efficienze di rimozione relativamente basse e variabili, con rimozioni di TSS tipicamente comprese tra 10% e 25% e rimozioni di COD tra 5% e 15%. Al contrario, il filtro a nastro ha raggiunto prestazioni più elevate, con efficienze di rimozione dei TSS generalmente comprese tra 10% e 30% e rimozioni di COD tra 5% e 20%, beneficiando dello sviluppo di un cake filtrante stabile che ha migliorato la ritenzione delle particelle oltre la dimensione nominale del mesh. La rimozione delle microplastiche a scala dimostrativa, dominate per 80-90% da frammenti, è risultata altamente variabile per entrambi i sistemi di filtrazione con efficienze di rimozione estremamente variabili comprese da valori inferiori al 10%, fino a circa il 50-60%. Non è stata osservata alcuna correlazione diretta tra l’efficienza di rimozione dei TSS e l’efficienza di rimozione delle microplastiche, indicando che la ritenzione delle microplastiche è governata da meccanismi aggiuntivi rispetto alla sola rimozione dei solidi sospesi. I risultati ottenuti a scala dimostrativa sono stati confrontati con precedenti prove di filtrazione a scala di laboratorio condotte sul refluo di Lariana, al fine di valutare gli effetti di scala e la trasferibilità dei risultati. Nonostante la stessa origine del refluo, le concentrazioni di microplastiche differiscono tra le due scale, passando dall’ordine di grandezza di 10³–10⁴ MP/l a scala di laboratorio fino a valori prossimi a 4 × 10⁴ MP/l a scala dimostrativa, a causa di condizioni idrauliche e operative. In entrambe le configurazioni, il mesh AISI 150 µm ha mostrato le migliori prestazioni complessive, suggerendo un compromesso ottimale tra ritenzione e stabilità idraulica. Le prove di laboratorio tendono a sovrastimare le efficienze di rimozione per i mesh più fini, mentre i mesh più grossolani mostrano prestazioni relativamente migliori a scala dimostrativa.
Microplastic removal from textile wastewater by filtration technologies
Realini, Alessandro
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyses the performance of surface filtration technologies for the removal of microplastics from textile wastewater, with particular focus on the comparison between laboratory-scale and demonstration-scale applications. Laboratory-scale tests were carried out on three textile wastewaters (Boselli, Comofil, and Lipomo) using three different filter media made of stainless steel (AISI 304), polyester, and polyamide (PA). In parallel, two demonstration-scale surface filtration units, a belt filter and a disc filter, were evaluated under continuous operation at the Lariana centralized wastewater treatment plant. At laboratory scale, total suspended solids (TSS) removal efficiencies were highly variable and strongly dependent on wastewater characteristics, with values approximately ranging between 0% and 60%. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was generally lower, typically between 10% and 40%, with occasional peaks of up to about 60% for wastewaters characterized by lower COD/TSS ratios. These results indicate that laboratory-scale surface filtration mainly acts on the particulate fraction, while dissolved organic matter remains largely unaffected. Laboratory-scale microplastics removal results are inconclusive, as data for the Boselli and Comofil wastewaters are not available, while those obtained for the Lipomo wastewater show negative removal efficiencies, likely attributable to analytical uncertainty and errors. At demonstration scale, the disc filter exhibited more stable hydraulic operation than the belt filter, but with relatively low and variable removal efficiencies, with TSS removals typically ranging between 10% and 25% and COD removals between 5% and 15%. In contrast, the belt filter achieved higher performance, with TSS removal efficiencies generally between 10% and 30% and COD removals between 5% and 20%, benefiting from the development of a stable filter cake that enhanced particle retention beyond the nominal mesh size. Demonstration-scale microplastics removal, dominated for 80–90% by fragments, was highly variable for both filtration systems, with removal efficiencies ranging from values below 10% up to approximately 50–60%. No direct correlation was observed between TSS removal efficiency and microplastics removal efficiency, indicating that microplastics retention is governed by additional mechanisms beyond simple suspended solids removal. Demonstration-scale results were compared with previous laboratory-scale filtration tests conducted on Lariana wastewater in order to assess scale effects and result transferability. Despite the same wastewater origin, microplastics concentrations differed between the two scales, increasing from the order of magnitude of 10³–10⁴ MP/l at laboratory scale to values close to 4 × 10⁴ MP/l at demonstration scale, due to hydraulic and operational conditions. In both configurations, the AISI 150 µm mesh showed the best overall performance, suggesting an optimal compromise between retention and hydraulic stability. Laboratory tests tend to overestimate removal efficiencies for finer meshes, whereas coarser meshes show relatively better performance at demonstration scale.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/253294